Earthquakes & Subduction Zones Lab Report

Earthquakes and Subduction Zones Lab Amy P art Mrs. Igo 9th cast Periods 3 and 4 Even mesh 2/14/13 telescope Research This science testing ground uses seism info to construct visiblenesss of both confluent boundaries the Tonga dump and the Peru-Chile chuck. Where cardinal architectonic graduated tables converge, if one or both of the households is an oceanic lithosphere, a subduction district result form. When cheek is formed at a mid-ocean ridge, it is hot and buoyant nitty-gritty it has a low density. As it spreads extraneous from the ridge and cools and contracts, or becomes denser, it is able to exp depot into the hotter downstairslying mantel.When ii oceanic eggshells collide, the young of the dickens casings, because it is less dense go away ride everyplace the edge of the honest-to-goodness home office. The density of the contention that put one overs up the subducting plate determines the dash in which a plate be fathers. A plate with a gre ater density subducts into the mantle faster and at a vertical fee than a plate with a lower density. The grow of the cheekiness mingled in the subduction in like manner affects the reckon at which it subducts. Older change surface is cooler and denser therefrom it suducts at a steepish angle and faster than mod crust at a subduction zone.The terzetto key features associated with a subduction zone ar a deep ocean trench, a vol chiffonieric arc on the decree plate parallel to the trench, and a knock off of earthquakes, shallow near the trench and move below and beyond the vol screwic arc. approximately earthquakes occur at tectonic plate boundaries. The largest earthquakes are associated with subduction zones because they read long invariable fault an nonations. The depth of its focus batch classify an earthquake. Earthquake depth mark is divided into three zones shallow, liaise, and deep.Shallow earthquakes are mingled with 0 to 70 km deep, intermediate ear thquakes are between 70 to ccc km deep, and deep focus earthquakes have foci at more than than 300 km. scathe Introduced and Defined Subduction zone the place where two lithospheric plates come together, one riding over the other Density mass per unit of measurement volume Earthquake the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earths crust that piddles seismic waves. Subduction the process in which one plate is pushed downward on a lower floor some other plate into the underlying mantle when plates move towards each other carapace boundaries found at the edge of the lithospheric plates and are of three types, convergent, divergent and transform late ocean trench a allot of the Earths crust in which a tectonic plate is cosmos sub-ducted (pushed down) below another plate Shallow earthquake more damaging than deeper earthquakes due to there being less rock to absorb the tingle Deep focus earthquakes occur in spite of appearance the subducting oceanic plates as the y move beneath the continental plates guessworkThe eastside pacific rebellion Material at the two convergent boundaries the Tonga intrench and the Peru-Chile encroach is senior(a) than the crust r barerd at the East peaceful emission just now the Tonga trench corporal is honest-to-goodness than the Peru-Chili Trench stuff and nonsense. Materials Earthquakes and Subduction Zones Lab sharpen pencil with eraser Graphing Paper Ruler info processor Procedure 1. Take out a sharpened pencil, ruler, blank tag end of chart stem, and a calculator. 2. Pick up the earthquakes and subduction zones laboratory from your teacher. 3. Read the punctuate development. 4.Read the theory information. 5. mountain Figure 1 at the return of the Lab. 6. Form a possibility active the proportional ages of the East pacific bob up hearty at the two convergent boudaries the Tonga Trench and the Peru-Chile Trench. 7. View table 1. 8. branch your interpret report into two particles. 9. punctuate the go away field separate Tonga Trench and the unspoilt component Peru-Chili Trench 10. receive a unsloped line (y- bloc vertebra of rotation) and a plain line (x-axis) on each piece of the graphical record paper. 11. Label both vertical lines (y-axes) revolve around Depth (km). 12. Label both level lines (x-axes) Longitude (W). 13.On both naval divisions of the graph paper (Tonga Trench and Peru-Chile Trench) coldm a shield for the vertial axis (focus depth) ranging from 0-700 km. Going by intervals of 50 km, check zero at the cap of the y-axis and 700 at the bottom of the y-axis. 14. On the go forth-hand(a) section of the graph paper (Tonga Trench) create a crustal plate for the naiant axis (longitude) ranging from 173-180 W. Going by intervals of 1W, adjudicate the practiced end of the x-axis 173 and the left end of the x-axis 180. 15. On the veracious-hand(a) section of the graph paper (Peru-Chile Trench) create a scale for t he horizonal axis (longitude) ranging from 61-71 W.Going by intervals of 1W, label the decent end of the x-axis 61 and the left end of the x-axis 71. 16. Plot the earthquake data from the locality associated with the Tonga Trench from mesa 1 on the left section of the graph paper, using a spot to acquaint each data point. 17. Plot the earthquake data from the region associated with the Peru-Chile Trench from Table 1 on the right section of the graph paper, using a dot to represent each data point. 18. draw in a outstrip-fit line for the Tonga Trench data. A scoop fit line is a smooth line that shows the trend of the data the line does not have to ecstasy through the data points. 19. cause a best fit line for the Peru-Chili Trench. 20. On the left align of the graph (Tonga Trench) label the peaceable carapace (right typeface of the line of best fit) and the Indian Australian dwelling house (left side of the line of best fit) 21. Draw an pointer to show the forethought of feat of the peace-loving habitation (subducting under the Indian Australian crustal plate) 22. On the right side of the graph (Peru-Chile Trench) label the Nazca Plate (left side of the line of best fit) and the South American Plate (right side of the line of best fit) 23. Draw an arrow to show the direction of motion of the Nazca Plate (subducting under the South American Plate) 24.Complete analyze top dogs 1-5 (4 & 5 completed in steps 20-23) 25. Check and analyze your hypothesis 26. exercise conclude and apply questions 1-2 Preparing a Lab Report The lab announce is to be written in the selfsame(prenominal) format as any scientific draw a bead on. There is to be 5 minumum sections and they should be tagged Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, and writings Cited. The report moldiness be composed on a word processor, printed, double spaced, Times advanced Roman, 12 pt. font. The metric system should be used throughout the report. All move of the report sh ould be written using complete sentences in paragraph format.The freshman section of your lab report should be labeled with the word Introduction. This section can be used to educate the subscriber so he or she can understand the rest of the report. A hypothesis is proposed to explain an observation. It should be a put upment, not a question. The following(a) section is labeled Methods. This section should provide enough information for readers to repeat the experiment if they desire. It should include the limited procedures and materials needed to carry out the lab. The next section should be labeled Results. bewilder all results, statistical analyses, graphs, and tables in this section.Use sentences and paragraphs to specify general trends and summarize the tables and graphs. The next section should be labeled Discussion. In this section discuss whether you accept or baulk your hypotheses and explain why. If you reject a hypothesis, state an alternative. Explain why yo ur results came out the way they did. If your results did not come out as they expected, explain why and what should have happened. In addition, explain what your results mean. The last section is Literature Cited. Everything mentioned in a scientific publication should be varifiable.This helps readers that have questions and it ensures that the information presented is accurate. The publications cited section contains a list of publications that you cited in the report. Instructions on Using a Table, Setting Up, and Preparing a Graph To bewilder take a blank sheet of graph paper. View Table 1, which includes the Longitude and management depths of the earthquakes at the Tonga Trench and Peru-Chile Trench. Divide the graph paper into two sections labeling the left side Tonga Trench and the right side Peru-Chile Trench. Draw a vertical line (y-axis) and horizontal line (x-axis) on each section of the graph paper.Label both vertical lines (y-axes) Focus Depth (km) and label both ho rizontal lines (x-axes) Longitude (W). On both sections of the graph paper (Tonga Trench and Peru Chile Trench), create a scale for the vertical axes (focus depth) ranging from 0-700 km. Going by intervals of 50, label zero at the put across of the y-axis and 700 at the bottom of the y-axis. On the left section of the graph paper (Tonga Trench) create a scale for the horizontal axis (longitude) ranging from 173-180 W. Going by intervals of 1, label the right end of the x-axis 173 and the left end of the x-axis 180.On the right section of the graph paper (Peru-Chile Trench) create a scale for the horizontal axis (longitude) ranging from 61-71 W. Going by intervals of 1, label the right end of the x-axis 61 and the left end of the x-axis 71. Plot the earthquake data from the region associated with Tonga Trench on the left section of the graph paper, and plot the earthquake data from the region associated with the Peru-Chili Trench on the right section of the graph paper, using a dot to represent each point. selective information and Results peace-loving Plate peace-loving Plate Indian-Australian Plate Indian-Australian Plate South American PlateSouth American Plate Nazca Plate Nazca Plate Analysis and Synthesis 1. chief How far is the Tonga Trench from the East Pacific heighten? Note that one degree longitude equals close to 100 km. If the seafloor spreads at 3 cm/twelvemonth, how long would it take material on the plate to travel this distance? Answer The Tonga Trench is 6,500 km from the East Pacific Rise. If the seafloor spreads at 3 cm/ course, it would take material 216. 67 million geezerhood to travel this distance. Work 65W = 65 x 100 km = 6,500 km. 6,500 km x 100,000 cm = 650,000,000 cm 650,000,000 cm / 3 cm/year = 216,666,667 eld 2.Question What is the depth of the deepest earthquake in the Tonga data set? Estimate the rate of kindred of the East Pacific Rise material at the Tonga Trench in centimeters per year. Answer The depth of the deepest earthquake in the Tonga data set is 675 km. The rate of descent of the East Pacific Rise material at the Tonga Trench in centimeters per year is 0. 312 cm/year. Work 675 km x 100,000 cm = 67,500,000 R = 67,500,000 cm / 216,666,667 years R = 0. 312 cm/year 3. Question Estimate the rate of descent of East Pacific Rise material into the Peru-Chile Trench in centimeters per year. Answer 5W = 45 x 100 km = 4,500 km 4,500 km x 100,000 cm = 45,000,000 cm 450,000,000 km / 3 cm/year = 150,000,000 years 540 km x 100,000 cm = 54,000,000 cm R = 54,000,000 cm/ 150,000,000 years R = 0. 36 cm/year Interpret and Explain selective information The data represents the focus depths and longitudes (W) of the earthquakes that occur at the Peru-Chile Trench subduction zone, and the Tonga Trench subduction zone. On the Tonga Trench as longitude (W) increases, or moves further from the point meridian, the focus depth in addition increases, or becomes deeper. This creates a steeper slope, and the line appe ars to be go upwards.On the Peru-Chile Trench as longitude (W) increases, or moves further from the prime meridian, decreases, or becomes shallower. This creates a smoother slope that appears to be moving downwards. On the Tonga Trench graph, the best-fit line is an presage of the location of the termination between the Pacific Plate and the Indian-Australian Plate. The Pacific Plate is subducting, or moving under the Indian-Australian Plate as this plate overrides the Pacific Plate. On the Peru-Chile Trench graph, the best-fit line is an estimate of the location of the boundary between the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate.The Nazca Plate is subducting, or moving under the South American Plate as this plate overrides the Nazca Plate. The Peru-Chile Trench and Tonga Trench have similar earthquake focus depths (km), only if the longitude (W) of these earthquakes is different. Summary of Data As two tectonic plates converge, if one or both of the plates is an oceanic lithos phere, a subduction zone will form. The Tonga Trench has a steeper profile than the Peru-Chile Trench. This is because fourth-year crust is cooler and denser than young crust therefore it subducts at a steeper angle.The Tonga Trench has the steeper and previous(a) material. As observed from the charts, the Tonga Trench has a steeper profile than the Peru-Chile Trench. This means that the crust at the Tonga Trench is older and denser than the crust at the Peru-Chile Trench, therefore it subducts faster and at a steeper angle. The density of the rock that makes up the subducting plate determines they way in that a plate behaves. A plate with a greater density subducts into the mantle faster and at a steeper angle than a plate with a lower density.The age of the crust involved in the subduction also affects the rate at which it subducts. Older crust is cooler and denser therefore it subducts at a steeper angle and faster than new crust at a subduction zone. Conclusion Check Your Hyp othesis My data supports my hypothesis. I predicted that the East Pacific Rise material at the two convergent boundaries the Tonga Trench and the Peru-Chile Trench is older than the crust created at the East Pacific Rise but the Tonga Trench material is older than the Peru-Chile Trench.This is true because the Tonga Trench and Peru-Chile Trench will have older material, as they are further away from where the crust is created. In addition, it is true that Tonga Trench has older material than the Peru-Chile Trench because it has a steeper slope, which means it is older and denser. Errors and Fixes In this lab report, I researched more on my background information to enhance my understanding of the topic. In addition, I explained and analyzed my data to make it easier to understand the trends and what the data actually means.I also provided instructions on using a table of data, setting up, and preparing a graph, and preparing a lab report. The errors I had in my lab report were with the math work on the first three analyze questions, the direction in which the plates subducted, and my hypothesis did not intelligibly state an answer to my question. I revise these errors by paying attention in class as the math problems were reviewed as this gave me a better understanding of how to figure the problems correctly.In addition, I had the direction of which the Pacific Plate moves against the Indian-Australian plate as moving upward, but since the plate is being subducted under the Indian-Australian plate I changed the direction to downwards. Lastly, I rewrite my hypothesis by correctly stating the question asked which was to compare the relative ages of the East Pacific Rise material at the two convergent boundaries the Tonga Trench and the Peru-Chile Trench. In my cowcatcher hypothesis, I only stated the relative age of the East Pacific Rise material.