A comparison of three songs of Brecht’s “Mother Courage and her Children” with the parados and 3rd stasimon of Sophocles’ “Antigone”

The play, â€Å"Mother Courage and her Children† was written by Bertolt Brecht in 1939 as an anti World War II play. â€Å"Antigone†, by Sophocles, was written somewhere between 400 and 500 B.C and talks about the debate between family laws and state laws in the form of a popular drama. Through analyzing the three songs â€Å"The Fraternisation Song† (scene 3), â€Å"The Song of the Wise and the Good† (scene 9) and â€Å"The Song of the Hours† (scene3), it will be seen that these songs can be contrasted with the parados and 3rd stasimon of the play â€Å"Antigone†. â€Å"The Fraternisation Song† is a song of caution voiced by Yvette, the camp prostitute, to the gullible Kattrin. Yvette denounces the opportunistic faà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ade of love and the foolishness of belief in the higher concepts of love. In the first stanza consisting of 12 lines, Yvette portrays her deflowering by the enemy. The three types of rhyming patterns are â€Å"abcb†, â€Å"aabb† and â€Å"abba†. In the second stanza of 12 lines, Yvette gives us a closer look at the idiocy when she gave herself up to the camp cook and saw other girls do the same. The third stanza of 12 lines relates the birth of recognition and understanding in Yvette as it dawns upon her that war brings nothing but melancholy and disaster in its wake. She describes how men condescended with her notions of love and how love was twisted to rape towards December. The month December is an allegory for the departure of the soldiers as well as the loss of innocence. There is grief an d a sense of terrible loss etched in those two words: â€Å"December came.† Her song brings to light the general futility of conflict and the personal loss of her innocence. The second and third stanzas follow the same rhyming pattern as the first. â€Å"The Song of the Wise and the Good† boldly criticises and ridicules virtues during times of war. The first stanza of 10 lines is a simple tale of the wise Solomon who was acclaimed for his lofty ideals and his throne like position above the littleness of mortals. The first stanza goes on to tell the readers how Solomon was cut down because of his wisdom. The second stanza of 10 lines describes Julius Caesar's mighty fall from his invulnerability due to his reckless courage. The third stanza of 10 lines shows the death of Socrates because of his honesty. Death because of altruism is seen in the death of the unfortunate martin in the fourth stanza. The fifth stanza jests at the essence of the Ten Commandments and the precarious position that godliness occupies. All the stanzas follow the rhyming patterns â€Å"abcc†, â€Å"ab† and â€Å"abab†. Throughout the song, the following four lines act as a necessary refrain to reinforce the idea that virtues are unreliable during war: â€Å"But ere night came and day did go The fact was clear to everyone: It was our wisdom/bravery/honesty/unselfishness/godliness that brought us low. Better for you if you have none.† â€Å"The Song of the Hours† consists of 10 stanzas of 4 lines each. The song is presented by the hapless Chaplain which talks about Jesus Christ and the Crucification. The song describes how Jesus was condemned of murder in the 1st hour by Pilate the heathen and later taken to King Hesiod. In the 3rd hour, Jesus is flogged mercilessly and the mockery of a crown made of thorns was placed on his head and a robe flung over his body. The 6th hour recounts the Crucification and Jesus' plight and his continual mockery by bandits resigned to the same fate. The scene is so cruel that even daylight looks away. In the 9th hour, Jesus gives up his soul and miracles are seen. The most interesting aspects of the song are the last two stanzas which talk about Jesus' maltreatment by the heathens who laugh at ‘this simple son of man' The song, in context of the play, reminds the readers of the imminent death of Swiss Cheese who is compared to Jesus in this regard. It tells us that war reveals all the blood and gore and the ugliness of society and any semblance towards beauty is mutilated. All three songs from the play bring to light one aspect of the play. They are all reminders to Mother Courage of war bringing along agents of destruction and mayhem in its wake. Moreover, not even a drop of profit can be wrenched from a time of war; it tends to suck in all virtues and innocence. The parados in â€Å"Antigone† highlights the events that have occurred till the moment of the entry of the Chorus and the present situation. The Chorus talks about the battle between the seven commanders of Argos and seven heroes of Thebes outside its seven gates. The Chorus claim that victory was foreseen as Zeus and Ares had themselves lent a hand towards their aid. The Chorus also notes with misery the death of the brothers, Eteocles and Polyneices. Finally the Chorus harks for peace and forgetfulness. There is also a general stir as they have no idea why they are summoned to council by the new king, Creon. The 3rd stasimon projects the theme of Love as an evil entity. Eros, harbinger of passion, is omnipresent and omnipotent. No man or god can resist its allure. The 3rd stasimon records how love drives beings to unreasonable actions and fires them up into activity. The 3rd stasimon underscores the fact that Antigone, a daughter of Oedipus, had committed treachery because of the love of her brother. The parados and the songs are both lyrical pieces which relate to war. However, unlike the ridicule of virtue and the loss of innocence which revolve as themes, the parados applauds and glorifies the notion of war. Lines such as â€Å"he flew over the land/Screaming like an eagle† and â€Å"Too much for him as he fought/The dragon of Thebes† adds an appealing quality of myth and heroism to war. The stark contrast is evident in â€Å"The Song of the Hours† in which the lines â€Å"And the blood and water ran/And they laughed at Jesus† tells us that the best of intentions and sacrifices mean nothing to minds fed by war. The concentration of the parados is on war itself whereas the songs examine lateral themes as a consequence of war. The other point to note is the fact that there is a sight of victory and virtues like forgetfulness are broached and seen with optimism. The songs shun notions of victory and virtue. The 3rd stasimon condemns the idea of love as an unpardonable emotion which drives men to recklessness. However the contrast is seen when love is feared and given a godlike stature whereas the songs treat any semblance to virtue like dirt. Love is, clearly, laughed at. Moreover the objects of criticism are not similar as love does not entirely constitute a virtue. There is an underlying similarity seen in the 3rd stasimon and â€Å"The Song of the Wise and the Good†. Virtues and love drive men and women to commit recklessness which sentence their existence to the doldrums consequently. Yvette and Antigone are clear examples. In the 3rd stasimon, love as a flaw is the object of focus whereas in the songs the idiotic behaviour is brought to light. Both the 3rd stasimon and the songs look at criticism; however the songs view the object with ridicule whereas the 3rd stasimon criticizes with unconditional reverence.

Some Aspects Of British Architecture Essay

My male parent ‘s household is from Hampshire county in England. He lived in Gosport until age 18 when he attended to the University of Leeds ( northern England ) . He worked in Manchester and London, and so he moved to USA. My male parent ‘s household ‘s roots on his female parent ‘s side can be traced to the Gallic Huguenot household. They were Protestants being persecuted by Catholics and so they fled to Guernsey in the channel islands so came to England. My male parent came to the USA in 1983 from England because Margaret Thatcher cut his support with the Tropical Medicine Disease Board. He was working at St. George ‘s infirmary in London at the clip. He moved to the Unites States because he had met an American in Bogota who had got him a occupation for with the US authorities. Like most migrators, he was looking for work. My male parent went to work at Montana State University, but his visa expired so he left the Unites States and went to Canada to happen work because he could n't acquire a Green card. He will return with me & A ; my mother old ages subsequently in 1994. My household ‘s roots are in, Gosport a town, territory and borough that is along the southern seashore of England in Hampshire county. It is the 4th largest metropolis in Hampshire, and until the late twentieth century it was a outstanding military and naval centre. Its location was ideal because it is in Portsmouth Harbor opposite the metropolis of Portsmouth. This is of import to me because my gramps was one of the Queen ‘s Royal Physicians in the Royal Navy for many old ages. Naval activities declined in the last one-fourth of the twentieth century and so installings related to these activities are unfastened to the populace and attract tourers. These include Fort Blockhouse and Palmerston Forts like Fort Brockhurst. Gosport and Portsmouth are popular tourer finish because of the historic significance, but this helped by the temperate clime in southern England. The winters are cold but it seldom snows. The summer is warm, normally temperatures in the 70s or 80s. Royal Hospital Haslar closed in 2009. It was the last officially recognized military infirmary in England at the clip it closed and had been opened since 1753. Obviously many well-known naval officers were born and/or brought up in Gosport. Roger Black who was an Olympic Athlete that ran path was brought up at that place. He won single Ag decorations in both universe title and Olympic Games. The beginning of the name â€Å" Gosport † is controversial. Some believe it was derived from â€Å" God ‘s Port † but other historiographers and lingual specializer argue it could be derived from the word†¦ â€Å" goose. † The importance of naval civilization in southern England can be traced back to the Tudor period ( 1485-1603 ) . The first naval ships were built by Henry the VII, the first Tudor sovereign and the fleet was expanded by his boy, Henry the VIII. English civilization during Tudor times is intriguing. Not merely was it when the Royal Navy was created, which has shaped British civilization for coevalss, but Henry VIII initiates what is now known as the English Reformation which was the beginning of a spiritual yo-yo that lasted throughout the Tudor dynasty and has mostly influenced English faith as we know it. Tudor society was mostly agricultural. Agriculturists grew chiefly rye and barley for staff of life and herbs and veggies for soups. Most households were besides pastoralists. They kept animate beings to bring forth cheese, milk and eggs. The most common animate beings were hogs and poulets. The first Royal Navy was built, get downing of the British navigation tradition. The officers and soldiers on board used information engineering to turn up and strategize on how best to assail and get the better of their enemies. Southern England was particularly affected because of its location. Before, the King had to borrow merchandiser ships to travel to war, and as these ships were n't meant to transport many heavy canons and accidents were frequent so King Henry VII solved this job of endurance by constructing specialized ships. The new navy ships had gun ports so they could transport more canons and the canons would be unafraid. Southern England was ideal for building non merely because of close-by organic structures of H2O such as the English Channel, River Thames and Portsmouth Harbor but because of the woods of Kent and Sussex that were needed for edifice stuffs for these ships. Naval paces were built in legion locations in Southern England and many still play a function in today ‘s civilization, either politically because they are still used for military intents or economically because of touristry. This began at the clip of the House of tudors and has influences the cultural moral force in England today. We can state the new naval forces was an of import portion of civilization because we know so much about the ships of this clip. The male monarchs and Queenss in Tudor times were really proud of their ships. Pictures were drawn and narratives were written about them, so we know a batch about what they looked like and the events out at sea. Industrialism was introduced during the terminal of Tudor period.A Coal lead and Sn were mined, though this wo n't take off until the eighteenth century. It did, nevertheless, lead to increase in the figure of towns and their size due to the migration towards the mines in hunt of work. Technologies of industrialism were crude. Industrialists used chiefly shovels. This was possible because the mines were shallow and in some instances mining merely consisted of grating the surface where the merchandises could be found. Agricultural engineering consisted chiefly of ploughs, which were normally pulled by Equus caballuss or other animate beings. Pastoralists † engineering was besides unsophisticated. Their farm animal lived in barns or little constructions. In many instances they were fenced in. they were kept on the farm, near the house so they would hold easy entree to the merchandises, such as milk and eggs. Shearss for shearing sheep were an of import portion of pastoralist engineering, as the demand for wool was high. Ships were evidently the most of import engineering for those who subsisted utilizing information. Though the particular naval ships had been built, sometimes the male monarch still had to borrow merchandiser ships to his fleet complete fleet. On board these ships were canons. There were two types sorted by weight: heavy and light. Specialized naval ships allowed more heavy canons to be on board. Hand-held arms called expresswaies and measures were besides on board, along with longbows, and towards the mid/late 1500 ‘s matchlock muskets were on the stock lists of big ships. Gun shields were portion of the ships protection, and crude pilotage engineerings and surgical engineerings were besides used on board naval ships. These were of import because they helped construe the information and maintain the crew and soldiers healthy. Division of labour during the Tudor period was really much gender related. Womans did n't take part in industrialism. Boys and work forces worked in the mines, and the adult females stayed place and took attention of the house. This meant cookery, cleaning and child-rearing. Though agricultural adult females besides tended to the place, they grew nutrient in gardens and, though the work forces did much of the work in the field, the adult females would take excess to markets to sell. Pastoralist adult females were besides homemakers, but like agricultural adult females they had other occupations. They tended to the animate beings, which included feeding them and, for illustration, milking the cattles. When it came to occupations in the naval forces, the division of labour was different. There were no adult females in the naval forces, and the occupations on the ships were divided by specialisation. On big ships like the pride and joy of Henry VIII the Mary Rose ; there were 200 crewmans to make the manual work on board. They took attention of the ship since the following class of workers was the soldiers and officers. There were different rankings in the naval forces, much like today, and some are appointed by the male monarch while others may be promoted. They were in charge of forming and contending the conflicts. On a ship like the Mary Rose, there were about 185 soldiers on board. The concluding group is the artillerymans, who were in charge of the arms on board. there was besides a physician on board, to take attention of the ill or those wounded in conflict. Henry Tudor came became England ‘s sovereign in 1485. He killed Richard III, and proclaimed that his power was legitimate â€Å" by conquering and God ‘s judgement on the battleground. † A sovereign ‘s power is God-given. Henry Tudor became Henry VII King of England because he believed God had chosen him to get the better of Richard III. He is instantly accepted as King because if a sovereign chosen by God is questioned, God ‘s authorization is questioned. This would be unacceptable in these times. The system is centralized and persons have yielded their personal sovereignty the sovereign, who is God ‘s representative. They are hence indirectly giving to God. There was besides a parliament in Tudor times. Decisions are made by the King or Queen and a little group of advisors. Before the determinations become Torahs they must be approved by the parliament. The parliament, nevertheless, is submissive to the King for the most portion. Since by oppugn ing the sovereign you question God, parliament seldom disagreed with the King. Again, all personal sovereignty is yielded to the caput of province. For the most portion, political engagement of the general population was minimum. Parliament consisted of two houses, The House of Lords who are appointed because of their rubric and the House of Commons. They members of the latter are supposed to be elected by the people in the country they represent, but there are few electors so normally the largest landholder designates the representative. These were the first efforts to do citizens politically engaged, and though it did n't work good at the clip, it contributed to the English civilization we have today and how the civilization is reflected politically. There is still a royal household in England today, but they are constitutional sovereigns, intending they merely have ceremonial and representational responsibilities. The Prime Minister who holds much of the political power is democratically elected. The system remains centralised because though the people elect their leader, legalizing his authorization, they still yield their single sovereignty to him. There is still respect for the royal household. When Windsor Palace burnt down, the taxpayers agreed to reconstruct it out of regard for the Queen. The royal household and is such an of import symbol of English civilization that symbols stand foring its prestigiousness are valued to a high degree. The current Queen is really smart and seen as an authorization. The premier curate goes to see her on a hebdomadal footing to inquire for advice and discuss affairs of province. She has been queen since 1952, doing her one of the longest-serving caputs of province in the universe. She is perceived as a valuable resource. This is why the people respect her today and why the royal household is an of import and long-standing symbol of British civilization. Most of the good are produced by agriculturists and pastoralists. The excess nutrient grown on their farms is taken to market to be sold. Negative reciprocality is used in the exchange of goods at the market. For illustration, craftsmen which produce pots needed by the agriculturists need the nutrient produced by the agriculturists. The marketer will seek and acquire what he needs from the exchange by acquiring the better terminal of the exchange. This is the footing of capitalist economy. These markets are an illustration of primary and secondary economic sectors. The agriculturists are selling natural stuff and nutrients ( primary ) and the craftsmen are selling finished goods ( secondary ) . The currencies used in the negative reciprocality exchange are lbs, shilling and pence. Tudor England was known for its wool, which accounted for 90 % of English exports at the clip. Subsequently in the Tudor period industrialists ‘ goods would besides be exported but I smaller per centums. Imports were chiefly for the benefit of higher socio-economic categories. These imports included tapestry, lacing for all right vesture and art from Brussels, Venice and Iznik. Henry VIII was known for the big sum of Gallic vino imported during his reign. This brings us to the third sector: services. One illustration in Tudor times would be merchandisers, whose ships were used in the negative mutual exchanges with other states, importing all right goods and exporting wool. Henry VIII, the 2nd Tudor male monarch, spun England into spiritual convulsion. Religion was really of import during the Tudor period. One of the cultural intents of faith is to function as a moral guideline for behaviour. When Cathrine of Aragon, Henry VIII ‘s first married woman, failed to give him a boy, Henry VII requested the Pope to allow him a divorce since the Roman Catholic Church was caput of England ‘s Church. The Pope refused. When the King failed to acquire a divorce, he decided that he would go the caput of the Church of England, interrupting off from the Roman Catholic Church. He was so able to allow himself a divorce, and get married his 2nd married woman Anne Boleyn. This was merely acceptable because the Church had declared his matrimony bastard. This matrimony represented the triumph of Protestantism. However, after Henry VIII and his boy Edward ‘s deceases, Mary I, his first girl and a devout Catholic, was crowned queen. The 1s responsible for he r enthronement was the group of Roman Catholics who still recognized her female parent ‘s matrimony to Henry VIII legitimate since the Pope had n't declared it illegitimate. This meant that she was still portion of Henry VIII line of descent and was entitled to his throne. Religion ‘s cultural importance here is clear: it defines line of descents and empowers persons. Queen Mary I persecuted Protestants, seeking to reconstruct the Roman Catholic Church at the caput of the Church England. After her decease, Elizabeth was crowned queen. She eventually was able to settle the cultural issue that had stemmed from the difference sing who was to be the caput of the Church. She re-established the Church of England, but balanced the demands of the Puritans and the Catholics. This brings us to where we are today: the British Monarch is the caput of the Church of England. Though faith is no longer every bit of import as it was during the reign of the Tudor dynasty, there are far fe wer Roman Catholics ( 9 % ) in England today that people who belong to the Church of England ( 20 % ) . These statistics are the consequence of the spiritual yo-yo during the Tudor dynasty. Family is the most basic signifier of societal organisation in any civilization. The anthropological maps of matrimony are clearly reflected in Tudor civilization. Marriage is first and foremost to legalize the kids. When Henry VIII divorced his first married woman and once more when he divorced his 4th married woman, the girls he had had with them were declared bastard. At the clip they were declared bastard, they were ne'er expected to go up to the throne because when the matrimony dissolved they were no longer portion of his line of descent. Many matrimonies in Tudor times allied households and allowed for money, land or power to stay under a certain household ‘s control. For illustration, after the decease of Henry VIII ‘s boy Edward, Lord President Numberland hoped that Lady Jane Grey would go queen so he could get married her to his boy, seting his household in a place of political power. Marriage is besides the footing of affinity: when Mary I became queen, she dec lared that Henry VIII and Cathrine of Aragon ( her female parent ‘s ) matrimony was legitimate. This meant she was still portion of the Tudor dynasty and, had she had kids, they would hold ascended to the throne because they are portion of Tudor line of descent. Tudor matrimonies were arranged, particularly for richer households because big sums of belongings, money and power were at interest. Marriages were monogamous: a adult male could merely be married to one adult female and a adult female merely to one adult male, therefore the divorces, executings and deceases of five of the six married womans of Henry VIII. This means that matrimonies were exogamic by sex: people married people of the opposite sex. However, people have a inclination to hold endogamic matrimonies by socio-economic categories were expected and hence the most common. Children were married immature, misss normally between the ages of 15 or 16 and male childs between the ages of 18 and 21. The life anticipation was merely 35, so they had to be able to reproduce and care for their kids until they are no longer dependent. Typical Tudor households tended to be atomic and patrilocal.A When the male parent ‘s parents died, his estates and other properties and in some instances his rubric was passed down to his boy or boies. Descent was unilineal and patrilineal. The hubby or male parent was ever caput of the family, and adult females were by and large considered inferior. Their function in the matrimony was to take attention of the family and give birth to boies to transport on the household name. Even today in England, many facets of modern matrimony remain patrilocal- for illustration, adult females lose their maiden name and take their hubbies ‘ names. This is another testament to the male high quality in Tudor times and throughout British history. The lone ground to maintain path of a adult female ‘s line of descent would be if it was of import in allying two households. For illustration, when Henry VIII married Anne of Cleves to ally himself with her German Protestant Brother, he s ubsequently declared the matrimony bastard, but did n't lock her up like he had Cathrine of Aragon. Alternatively she became an adopted sister to maintain the confederation strong. Four groups constituted the socio-economic categories in Tudor England. The first was aristocracy, which were chiefly land proprietors. The 2nd consisted of aristocracy and rich merchandisers. Gentlemen besides owned land, and were educated. They ne'er did any manual work, because it was considered beneath them. Yeomans and craftsmen, like aristocracy, owned their ain land, but they were n't systematically educated and worked alongside those who worked for them. Finally, the lowest socio-economic category was the renters who leased land from the rich. They were ever illiterate and hapless. Stratification was based on how much land one had, how educated the individual was and how much manual labour they were required to make. It was possible to alter stratification, or societal ranking, in Tudor England, but it was really hard and did n't go on frequently. With difficult work, a renter could buy his ain land or possibly larn a trade to go a craftsman. Not all kids in Tudor Times went to school. Merely the kids belonging to households higher in stratification went to school. Boys lower in stratification hoped to acquire an apprenticeship to larn a trade. Those higher in the stratification went to Chantry school until they were closed during the English Reformation. After Chantry schools closed down, affluent households created â€Å" grammar schools † . The smartest male childs were able to go to University. There were merely two in England in the sixteenth century. They were Oxford and Cambridge, and they still exist today and are among the most esteemed in the universe. Womans of lower categories, nevertheless, were ne'er educated. Those belonging to a higher stratification had coachs come to their places, or female parents taught their girls. Some facets of British instruction have changed really small. For illustration, when my male parent was go toing school, he went to grammar school and everyone learned Latin and Greek. These were topics in grammar school in Tudor times. King Edward made many schools free, and today in England, there are dearly-won private schools ( though the English name them â€Å" Public Schools † ) but there are besides legion free schools and if a household can non afford to direct their kid to university the authorities pays if the pupil gets good plenty classs. House of tudors had to do their ain amusement. Those populating in poorness frequently went to dramas. Marlowe and Shakespeare were great dramatists, and they contributed to the integrating of theater into English civilization. By 1595, dramas were undeniably popular. Theaters were really popular in London. Up to 15,000 people attended dramas each hebdomad in London! Before the popularity of dramas lead to the edifice of theaters during Elizabeth ‘s reign companies travelled from town to town and performed informally in the streets. Elizabethan theater is still an of import portion of British civilization. We can travel watch dramas at the Globe Theatre in London, and dramas by Shakespeare and other well-known dramatists from the clip are performed all over the universe. The rich were n't every bit limited in their signifiers of amusement. Though the in-between ages were over, fencing and jousting were common among households of higher stratification. They besides watched bear combat and went Hawking.

How managers in international companies have been affected by recent, Essay

How managers in international companies have been affected by recent, radical changes in the economic situation - Essay Example Multinational companies in order to survive in the foreign market developed several strategies during the crisis situation. Multinational companies which operate in emerging economy of developing nations took certain steps in order to handle the situation. A drastic change in economic situation in a worldwide basis has created an impact on various business sectors around the countries. The boom in economy may result in growth and benefit in business and slump down of economy may lead to loss in business. When the economic situation is favourable, i.e. in low interest rate and in rising demand, there is a huge growth in economy (The Times 100, 2011). There were two current issues of economic crisis: one was financial crises and the other was related to production and employment. The financial crisis emerged from the US and it had an impact on almost all of the developed nations. The government performed the fiscal stimulus package to fill the gap of demand slowdown of public sector (W ray, 2009). Lehman Brothers Investment Bank had led to huge loss of several billions of dollars in the mortgage market of the US. The stock market of the US fell down due to collapse of Lehman Brothers and the banking shares were hardly hit. The failure of Lehman Brothers had adversely affected the stability of global financial system (BBC, 2008). The policy makers are failing to address the structural reforms as well as regulatory changes which are essential in order to make certain that a repeat of the crisis does not take place and international policy coordination is proving to be insufficient to the task. German, French along with British banks hold the debt of the bordering countries. By the end of 2011, it is predicted that there will be European banking crisis due to sovereign debt defaults (Carnegei Endowment, 2010). The economic along with financial crisis will be affecting the global business time-to-time. The US has been under the threat of pressure of economic downturn. The growth of the country has turned to be negative again from the end of 2010. The unemployment rate is also rising as 2 millions of American workers were laid off within six months (Global Europe Anticipation Bulletin, 2010). In this paper, various economic crises that had cropped up in the global market will be described by analysing the worldwide financial crises. The crises which have occurred in relation to economy and finance have greatly affected the multinational companies. The paper will also highlight different difficulties faced by managers while handling issues related to different people during financial crisis. 2.0 Impact of Economic Changes on Managers The financial crisis in the US from the period 2007 to 2010 had resulted in liquidity shortfall. It has led to ‘collapse of large financial institution’ and also ‘bailout of bank’ by means of national government along with downturn in the stock market worldwide. This crisis can be considered as one of the major economic crisis after the Great Depression which occurred in the year 1930. The managers associated with such organisations were in great hardship. The economic deficits had become a challenging factor for them. The economic downturn had also affected both developed multinational com

To what Extent did the Rebellions of Upper and Lower Canada (1837) Essay

To what Extent did the Rebellions of Upper and Lower Canada (1837) Lead to Canada's Responsible Government in 1867 - Essay Example The aim of this paper is to look at Canada’s experience with responsible government during 1867 and look at the known, possible driving forces behind the implementation of the responsible government, namely the Durham report and the American influence, and provide arguments as to which one mainly affected or drove the implementation of responsible government. These topics will be discussed in detail as follows: Lord Durham’s report and how it was responsible for Canada’s responsible government The American influence that was responsible for Canada’s responsible government Conclusion and breakdown Lord Durham’s report and how it was responsible for Canada’s responsible government According to marianopolis.edu, John George Lambton was the first earl of Durham. He was also known as â€Å"Radical Jack† because of his support of certain causes by the Whig party in England. Some of these causes created quite a stir back in those times such a s free trade. He was sent to be a Governor General in British North America in 1838. This was done, according to the same article above in order to â€Å"investigate the circumstances of the rebellions of 1837 in Upper and Lower Canada and to make recommendations for the future government of the British North American colonies.† He was the person that created the Durham report which is now believed to have been one of the driving forces behind Canada’s responsible government of 1867. The main purpose of this report was to assess the situation in British North America and the local conditions. This report made several recommendations such as the unification of Upper and Lower Canada and the proposal of responsible government. One other recommendation includes the establishment of local municipalities in Canada. Some saw these recommendations as great advancements and key efforts in making a better Canada while others, specifically in Lower Canada regarded Lambton as a r acist for his suggestion to assimilate the French Canadians. We can consider this report to have been one of the best driving forces for responsible government because based on observation, the idea of implementing a responsible government was not something agreeable to the British, because, like the paper stated â€Å"Great Britain could not quite bring itself to implement responsible government in the colonies†. But despite this, the Union act of 1840 was created and Canada was united. The American influence that was responsible for Canada’s responsible government Around 2 years before the establishment of the responsible government of Canada in 1867, America was putting and end to its civil war. The actions taken by America at that time were also considered to be a major influence to the establishment of Canada’s responsible government; in fact some consider it more of an influence than the Durham report. Based on the information given, the Durham report sugg ested that Canada be unified and that they establish responsible government, however the British did not agree to the later suggestion but followed through on the unification of Canada. After seeing that America won against one of Canada’s major colonizers, their now unified country may have taken this as a queue point to establish responsible government for a few reasons; one being a show of defiance to England, another maybe in support of America and

Risk Management (Probability modeling in finance and economics) Essay

Risk Management (Probability modeling in finance and economics) - Essay Example ARCH and GARCH type models used to estimate volatility are also nonlinear models expressed as a function (linear or not) of past variations in stocks. ARCH-GARCH models and more recently the range process have generated an extensive amount of research and papers. Just as chaos the Hurst, exponent and memory modeling have been topics of interest in many areas outside finance and economics. ARCH and GARCH models, which are important for modeling and estimating volatility, are an important part of modern finance. Since the value of an option depends essentially on its volatility and volatility studies are assuming an important role in financial modeling. A primary feature of the autoregressive Conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) model as developed by Engle (1982), is that the conditional variances change over time. Following the seminal idea, numerous models incorporating this feature have been proposed. Among these models, Bollerslev's (1986) generalized ARCH (GARCH) model is certainly the most popular and successful because it is easy to estimate and interpret by analogy with the autoregressive moving average (ARMA) time series model. ... prominent role in the analysis of many aspects of financial econometrics such as the term structure of interest rates, the pricing of options, the presence of time varying risk premia in the foreign exchange market. The quintessence of the ARCH model is to make volatility depend on variability of past observations. An alternative formulation initiated by Taylor (1986) makes volatility be driven by unobserved component, and has come to be known as the stochastic volatility (SV) model. AS for the ARCH models SV models have also been intensively used in the last decade, especially after the progress accomplished in the corresponding estimation techniques, as illustrated in the excellent surveys of Ghysels ET al (1996) and Shepard (1996). Early contributions that aimed at relating changes in volatility of asset returns to economic intuition include Clark (1973) who assumed that a stochastic process of information arrival generates a random number of intraday changes of the asset price. The Black-Scholes model for instance assumes that the price of the asset underlying the option contract follows a geometric Brownian motion and one of the most successful extensions has been the continuous time SV model. In these models, volatility is not a constant as in the original Black-Scholes model; rather, it is another random process typically driven by a Brownian motion that is imperfectly correlated with the Brownian motion driving the primitive asset price dynamics. In technical terms, the volatility process generated within arch type models converges in distribution towards a well-defined solution of a stochastic differential equation as the sampling frequency increases. One concomitant reason is that the continuous record asymptotics developed for the ARCH models do not deliver

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 12

Research paper - Essay Example A good swimming technique relies on the efficiency of one’s power transfer process by overcoming drag. Moreover, deriving maximum energy output from the effort put in is mainly the essence for swimmers to improve their performance in competitive swimming. The discussion provides a detailed technical analysis of swimming strokes – freestyle, backstroke, and butterfly, along with a review of the biomechanical principles related to each of those strokes. Furthermore, suggestions of drills or exercises for improving the favorite stroke of backstroke, based on the technical and biomechanical aspects, will also be critiqued. The basic swimming strokes of Freestyle, Backstroke, and Butterfly stroke are taken for analysis focusing on its biomechanics and technical aspects. Freestyle is generally the fastest and most popular stroke, with front crawl being the most commonly chosen among swimmers. That is, although swimmers or in particular ones in competition can choose whatever stroke they wish during the freestyle, mostly they choose front crawl which involves the swimmer circling his/her arms forward in alternation even while kicking their foots up and down. Next, the Backstroke, or otherwise the elementary backstroke is perfect for recreational and competitive arena. In this swimming stroke, the individual lies right on his back in the supine position on water and the strokes are done with one arm at a time. Last, the butterfly stroke is done on the breast, by moving both the arms and is accompanied by the dolphin kick. Unlike the other strokes, butterfly stroke is quite difficult and requires adequate practice with proper technique and strong muscle coordination. Freestyle, being the fastest stroke, would clearly improve one’s speed in swimming and this stroke is quite essential for lifeguard practices. As above-mentioned, it is characterized by stroking of the arms alternatively over the water surface, accompanied with alternating flutter kick in an

Respond to classmate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Respond to classmate - Essay Example I agree that everyone would be able to benefit more from this and how it effects all workforce scenarios and the way each will always continue to evolve. Quality is 100 percent essential in every organization, including one’s workplace. It does not matter where it is applied, but it must be one concept that no one overlooks. To ignore quality is to waste time, money for the organization. Each employee should be subject to different types of reviews and audits to increase the likelihood of their job performance. Though these can be a bit intimidating to the employer, it is only natural to want to keep people on task at their jobs and to continue to produce effectively and efficiently. I find that managers should be mentors and voices of reason, watching to help encourage employees to do better. To be criticized can be done tactfully and without shame. To abuse power is almost like bullying and should not be tolerated. Everyone at some point at any given time has been in a place in the work force where they have encountered a learning curve. This has led people to feeling absolutely miserable in their jobs. I completely agree that managers are some of the first people that can make changes in the workplace by reinforcing a more positive environment. It really does make an employee feel better about themselves and feel more apt to want to work harder for that positive

Real World Negotiation Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Real World Negotiation Paper - Assignment Example Additionally, the increase would also see my employer acquiring maximum and satisfying service from me. Informed by the fact that successful negotiation is mainly realized through proper preparations, possess effective communication skills, being able to control emotions and having greatclossing the deal skills, I embarked on the quest for having a salary increase. As part of my preparation to face her and negotiate for my salary increment, I prepared myself in various ways as I have discussed below: I started by preparing a logical argument and evidence that could support and make my claim logical. Informed by the fact that activities key during the preparation process include developing position of strength, and establishing a foundation for success and developing confidence, I chose to start my preparation by coming up with a very strong argument as to why I felt the urge to approach my employer and demand for salary increase and why I stood a chance to see my salary being increas ed without much objection. I went on to compose evidence that will support all my arguments although in order to make my demand reasonable and realistic. I also considered my argument to be the demand for the increase to be because of rise in the cost of living and the supporting evidence was that other employers within the region had seen their salary being increased, inflation had resulted to the fall of value of money which in turned had reduced my purchasing power and therefore the amount I was being paid did too little to satisfy all my needs, there was also a general increase in price of commodities which demanded for more money than I was earning before and finally that it was also meant to be a sign of appreciation to for the good job the I had been doing for my employee for so long. I also went on to consider the amount of salary increase that I expect. I went on with my preparation process of computing and coming up with an amount of money that I was to propose as my incre ment. I choose to come up with the maximum amount and reasonable amount of my salary increase that I expected from my employer and also the minimum amount that I was to expect in the course of the negotiation process. As part of my preparation I also choose to come with a formal letter and send it early enough to notify and prepare my employee over the setting of the negotiation date and this was also meant to prepare my employer psychologically over considering my pay rise. Since my employer was never around and were never met so easily, I also considered my grooming as part of my preparation. This was because my personal appearance and outlook was also to play an important at either building my reputation or destroying it. I also knew that smartness played a critical role towards boosting my confidence. During the negation day, all went well and as planned, the negotiation date was set in advance and in consideration to the schedule of both sides not interfering with the any of ou r activities. On the negotiation d

Medical report Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Medical report - Case Study Example Medical report These resolved with courses of ciprofloxacin. Patient also reports chronic knee pain previously diagnosed as osteoarthritis. He uses acetaminophen for mild pain and ibuprofen with more significant pain and stiffness. He reports frequent symptoms of heartburn for which he uses Omeprazole intermittently. He has problems with insomnia since the death of this wife and uses Zolpidem occasionally (1-2 times per week).   Surgical History: Appendectomy at age 35   Family History: RJ is a widower who lives alone in a house that he owns. His wife died 3 years ago from lung cancer attributed to a 40 pack-year smoking history. One sister (age 63) is alive and has diabetes. Both parents are deceased. Father died in an automobile accident at age 68; mother died of breast cancer at age 54.   Social History: RJ has a 60 pack-year smoking history. He has smoked 1.5 to 2 packs per day for 35 years. He reports that he currently smokes 1 to 1.5 packs per day. Patient indicates that he has thought about stopping smoking but feels that there is too much stress right now for him to attempt it. He reports moderate alcohol use (glass of wine 3-4 times a week). He has one adult son (age 30) who is in good health and lives 2 hours away. Results of Pertinent Laboratory Tests, Serum Drug Concentrations, and Diagnostic Tests: Note lab numbers in parentheses are listed to highlight that a lab value may be represented in different units. Numbers in parentheses should correspond with the adjacent number for a lab value. For example, please note normal BUN is 10aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"20 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or 3.6-7.1 millimoles per liter (mmol/L)   Na (sodium)135   K (potassium) 4   Cl (chloride)104   HCO3 23   Glucose 6.6 (119) BUN 4.6 (13)   Cr (Creatinine)123.8 (1.4) Hct (Hematocrit)0.42 (42) Hgb 136 (Hemoglobin)(13.6) Liver Function Panel:   AST 1.0 (60)   ALT 1.1 (64)   Alk Phos 2.5 (150)   GGT 70 (70)   LDH 3.2 (190)   T Bili 13.7 (0.8)   Spirometry: FEV1 2.5 L, Predicted 3.5 L   FVC 4 L, Predicted 4.2 L   Post Bronchodilator: FEV1 2.7 L   FVC 4.1 L   ABG: pH 7.36, pO2 8.6 (65), pCO2 6.0 (45), Bicarbonate 22, O2 sat 93%   Chest radiograph: consistent with COPD; mildly increased A/P diameter, flattening of diaphragms, diffuse scarring noted bilaterally; no evidenc e of acute infectious or malignant process   Drug/Non-Drug Plan for INSOMNIA related to depression: This patient has many other medical conditions that have much greater importance regarding his well being but

Analysis of two stories from Roald Dahls Tales of the Unexpected Essay Example for Free

Analysis of two stories from Roald Dahls Tales of the Unexpected Essay The story is about an old lady, Mrs. Foster, who doesnt like to be late. Her husband teases her by always being a little bit too late, just to make her suffer. One day, she is going to Paris to see her daughter and her family, but she has to wait for her husband to be done, because he is driving with her, to be dropped off at a club. When he finally out in the car with her, he has forgot his present for her daughter, so he goes back into the house to get it. She goes up to the door of their house, but when she is about to open it, she suddenly hears a strange sound and goes back into the car. She tells the driver to go, even though; Mr. Foster is still in the house. She catches her plane and enjoys her time in Paris, but when she gets back home, after six weeks, there is no lead of Mr. Foster. Then she calls a guy, which can come and fix their lift. You would think that Mrs. Foster is the main character in this story, because we are following her life and the story starts up with an introduction of her. But at the same time, we are also introduced to Mr. Foster right after, and in the end of the story, you wonder if it actually was Mr. Foster, that we were supposed to keep up with, because he is kind of the victim in the end. Almost like we are told about how he died in their lift, because of his lunatic of a wife. And then still Mrs. Foster can be seen as the victim, because she is this sad woman, who is manipulated by her husband, and then finally does what she has always wanted to do, just in a more drastic way. So therefore I see them both as main characters in this story. Mrs. Foster is described in the text as a woman with a pathological fear of missing something, and if she feels that she is about to miss something, she gets into a state of nerves and starts to wink with her left eye, because of a vellicating muscle in the corner of her eye. She lives in a large six-storey house in New York City, on East Sixty-Second Street with her husband and they have four servants. She is also a modest woman, who has served his husband loyally and well, for over thirty years, but she still wonders sometimes, if his husband always is being late on purpose, just to torture her. Her biggest wish is to live in Paris, so she can see her daughter, her son in law and her grandchildren all the time. Mr. Foster is nearly seventy years old and also living with his wife in their large six-storey house. He is described in the text as a man who tortures her wife, by always being late, because he is irritated by her making a fuss about everything. And he smokes cigars. We can tell by their big house, their four servants and their rented car with a chauffeur, that they are a very wealthy couple. They dont speak to each other like a normal couple; Mr. Foster has disciplined Mrs. Foster to not say, what she wants to say, like she is under his control. Like it says in the text; that she would never dare to call out and tell him to hurry. He had disciplined her too well for that. The Landlady The story is about a young man, Billy Weaver, who has travelled down from London, and now he needs a place to sleep. He was told that he should try The bell and dragon, but on his way down to the hotel, he suddenly catches sight of a printed notice, that says BED AND BREAKFAST on a boarding house. He stares at the notice and feels like the words are a large black eye that is staring at him, like he is forced to go in, so he decides to do it. A middle-aged woman invites him in and shows him where he is going to sleep, and she keeps talking about how she has been waiting for a young boy like him. He later finds out, when he is about to write in her guestbook, that only two other guys has been staying there, and the latest guest is over two years ago. He finds it strange that he feels like he has heard these two guys names before. She keeps getting him to drink her tee, and then he suddenly notices that the dog he thought was alive is dead and stuffed. She tells him that she has stuffed them herself. When he sits for a moment, he finds out where he has heard the other guests names before, he has read about them being missing, in the newspaper. The main character in this story is definitely Billy Weaver, because we are following his moves and thoughts of the weird lady. Billy Weaver is seventeen years old and he has travelled from London. He is wearing a navy-blue overcoat, a brown trilby hat and a brown suit. He is a young businessman and he is trying to do everything briskly. When he is told that there has only been two guests before him and that the last guest was over two years ago, and that they are even still living there, he is a bit naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve not to see that something is really weird. But you also know that he must be a smart kid, if he is already a businessman and he reads the newspaper. The old lady seems kind and harmless in the beginning, because she is calling him my dear and smiling all the time. And like it says in the text; She looked exactly like the mother of ones best school-friend welcoming one into the house to stay for the Christmas holidays. But when things get more and more weird, Billy starts to think that she is slightly dotty and off her rocker. We also know that she has a bad memory, because she has a hard time remembering her guests names. Billy and the old lady have no relation, the old lady is a total stranger to Billy, but he somehow seems to trust her anyway. And Billy is also a total stranger to the old lady, but she keeps talking like if she knew that exactly he would show up on her doorstep, almost like if she had been watching him. Comparison of the two stories Both stories are written by an omniscient 3rd person. And in both of the stories they are using the language dear; In The landlady the old lady probably uses it, because many British old women spoke like that in the old days, but also to sound extra kind, to Billy. And in The way up to heaven, it sounds like they are only using it because the finer families spoke like that in the old days. So both of the stories could be going on in, maybe the 50s. Mrs. Foster and the landlady are both killers, but really different kinds; Mrs. Foster is feeling trapped in her marriage and she has a fair reason not to save him, when she has the chance. And the landlady is simply a lonely lunatic, who wants fake company, by stuffing her victims. The landlady is killing them herself and Mrs. Foster just didnt save him, when she could. The main theme in both of the stories is deception, because in both of the stories, the victims have faith in their killers, but are duped by them. The ending of The landlady Then he said Are you sure Mulholland and Temple are upstairs? with a stiff look on his face. Of course they are, my dear. Im sure they are enjoying themselves, you shouldnt worry that much. She answered. Billys eyes flickered and his legs felt so heavy, when he tried to stand up. Sit down, my dear. It will soon be over she said, with a calm tone in her voice, like nothing was wrong. Billy couldnt walk, so he sat down again and tried to hold his head still. Something is wrong with me! What did you give me? he yelled with a pathetic voice. She smiled and went over to the windows to draw the curtains, and when she sat down again, she started telling him, that she had been looking forward to having such a young boy in the house, and that she had been waiting for him for such a long time. Why do you want me, you crazy woman? he said. Youre just perfect, my dear. So young and handsome! she said, still witch a nice and calming voice. Billy didnt get to say much more, before everything turned black. One month later MISSING! A seventeen year old boy named Billy Weaver, last seen in Bath.

Properties of Water for Organism Survival

Properties of Water for Organism Survival NDUI PRISCILLAH Discuss the assertion that water has several unique properties that make it vital not only for human beings, but for all living organisms to survive. Introduction Water is a very important aspect of all living organisms’ plants and animals alike. What makes it so useful and relevant to survival are its unique properties which relate to its functions and hence its relevance to living things as discussed below. Water is a dipolar molecule Water is a normal oxide of hydrogen consisting of two hydrogen molecules covalently bonded to one oxygen molecule. The water molecule is not linear and the oxygen atom has higher electro negativity than the hydrogen atoms. The atoms of oxygen carry a slightly negative charge whereas, the hydrogen atoms are slightly positive, this gives the water molecule its dipole movement (en.wikipedia.org). Hence, the water molecule can form up to four bonds with it self and other molecules. This property gives water most of its properties. Water is a Universal solvent A solvent is a liquid which dissolves other substances. Because of its ability to form four bond with other molecules (dipole), no other chemically inert solvent is able to dissolve a variety of materials as water nor the amount of them it can hold in solution (Edward J.K 1996). Water is able to dissolve a variety of substances solids, liquids and gases alike. (Edward, 1999) adds on to say â€Å"water is the best solvent and provides a medium for the movement of molecules within and outside the cell.† hence water is important in both plants and animals in that it aids movement of materials through diffusion as salts, sugars acids, alkalis and gases such as carbon dioxide (carbonation) and oxygen dissolve in it and can be transported in the organism as a transport medium as in blood, lymphatic and excretory system, the alimentary canal and xylem and phloem (Taylor D.J 1984). Water is wet Because of its molecules forming hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules, water makes things wet. This is due to its cohesive and adhesive properties (Dr. Jain VK, 1974). Cohesion is the attraction between like molecules in this case water while adhesion is the attraction of molecules of different substances. This gives water high capillary forces, that is the tendency of water to move up a narrow tube against the concentration gradient. This is a very important property to vascular plants such as trees as it enables water to move along very narrow spaces such as during transpiration which help control the temperature of a plant. Its cohesion property is also relevant in cells and in translocation of water through xylem in plants. This is also vital in the rising or moving up of sap in plants. Surface tension The cohesive property of water brings about surface tension. Besides mercury, water has the greatest tendency to cohere causing its surface to contract to the smallest possible areas as a result of the hydrogen bonds (Edward J.K, 1996), because of this many small organisms are able to settle on water or skate over its surface, thus providing them a habitat, for example the water striders. It also aids reproduction by way of seed dispersal, garmetes and larval stages of aquatic organisms. Water has a high specific heat capacity The specific heat capacity of water is the amount of heat required to raise one (1) gram of water from O0C to 10C. Compared to other liquids a considerably high amount of energy is required to change the temperature of water (Edward J.K, 1996). This property is also due to the numerous hydrogen bonds between water molecules. This is very vital to both humans and plants as it helps in moderating the earth’s climate by buffering large fluctuations in temperature. It also protects the plants from very harmful temperature fluctuations. High specific heat capacity of water is also vital to marine and fresh bodies of water to help maintain a constant temperature over longer period of time and to be stable over short periods of time. Latent heat of vaporization Vaporization or evaporation is the change of state from liquid to gas. The latent heat of vaporization is the energy required to convert a liquid into gas (Vapour) at constant temperature (Dr V.K Jain, 1974). Water has the highest latent heat of vapourisation of all common substances which is about 44 Kj/Mol at 250C. The high latent heat of vaporization of water enables the plants to cool themselves by giving out heat through transpiration. It is also a major factor in the transfer of heat between the ocean and the atmosphere, thereby driving the weather climate. Beside these, animals also use this property in cooling by the sweating and panting in mammals. That is, the opening of the mouth by some reptile’s e.g crocodiles in sunshine and mammals like dogs. Latent heat of fusion Latent heat of fusion is the heat required to convert a unit of mass of a solid to liquid at the same temperature. To melt 1gram of ice at 00C, 80cal. (335J) of energy is needed which is very high and caused by the presence of hydrogen bonds. This means water must loose a relatively huge amount of heat energy to freeze. This helps protect the contents of the cells not to be damaged as their environments are less likely to freeze. Water expansion and density One of the unique properties of water is that, it reaches its maximum density at 40C and diminishes above and below that temperature. It has a tendency to expand as it freezes and its density is decreased (Dr. Jain V.K, 1974), hence ice has a lower density than water and floats on top of oceans, lakes and rivers. It forms at the surface first and last at the bottom, this provides insulation of the water below it and increase the chances of survival for acquatic organisms especially in cold climates and during cold seasons. Penetration of light Water which has no suspended particles is transparent in the visible electro magnetic spectrum. This implies relatively great amounts of infrared and ultra-violet rays can penetrate through it. This enables acquatic plants to survive as they are able to carry out photosynthesis. It can therefore be deducted that water indeed has several unique properties related to its importance to all living organism without which most of these might become extinct. Besides these water provides a habitat for millions of living organisms and is also vital in sanitation for human beings helping to prevent the spread of infections such as viruses, protozoa and worms. Hence, water is a very vital aspect without which life might not exist. BIBLIOGRAPHY Edward J.K (1996), Concepts of Ecology; fourth edition. Pearson Education. New Jersey. en. Wikipedia.org/wiki/water Dr. Jain V.K (1974), fundamentals of Plant Physiology; S. Chand and Company Ltd. New Dhehi Taylor D.J et al (1984), Biological Science 1 2, Cambridge University Press. New York.

A Separate Peace :: Free Essays

A Separate Peace A Separate Peace is a novel about two boy's lives and how they evolve during the course of WWII. The story was written by John Knowles, who also left home to attend a school at the age of 15. The story involves many instances in which the barriers between friendship and rivalry are cited. One of the main characters of the story, Phineas, often demonstrates that it is important to be yourself and try to make the best out of a situation whenever confronted by one. Phineas is athletic, friendly, and competitive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Phineas is a very athletic person. He seems to be good at any sport he tries and all of it comes without practice or post-effort. During the course of his stay at Devon, Phineas wins several awards in all the sports he plays in. One day while the others are away, Phineas and Gene go to the gym and Phineas breaks the school time trial record for swimming. If Gene was not injured by his fall out of the tree then he would be able to compete in the Olympics. Phineas is a friendly and outgoing kind of person. Finny was always friendly and respectful towards other people and whenever one of his classmates such as Leper was being isolated from the rest of group, Finny would take up for him. Even though Gene made Finny break his leg, Finny still didn't hold anything against him and refused to believe what happened. Finny has always been friendly to others due to his outgoing personality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finny is a competitive sportsman like person. Whenever Finny sees a challenge that has never been achieved he will try to do what the others could not. During the summer when there was nothing else to do, Finny decides to make a club. When the club meets, all the members have to jump out of the tree to be

Attack of the Cloning Regulations Essay -- Science Cloning Scientific

Attack of the Cloning Regulations Better and new technologies and ideas are constantly introduced through the passage of time, most of which are just for the convenience of modern life. There is usually not much of an objection when they are introduced into society because the pros of the idea greatly outweigh the cons; however, this is not the case with the discovery that human cloning is now practically possible. When a breakthrough like cloning comes about regulations must be set forth to insure the safety of all those who would use it. On one side there are people who want strong restrictions on cloning. They would prefer to have cloning be as limited as possible or even banned to prevent any unethical or dangerous experimentations. On the opposite side of the discussion are the people who want researchers to have as much control over their cloning projects as possible. They do not want any slowdown in the advancement of science. In all of the articles researched, logos and pathos seemed to be much more prevalent than ethos. Both sides of the argument about restrictions on cloning use a large amount of logos to present the facts showings the practical pros and cons of cloning. Each logos point brought up is usually not a stand alone argument; they are mostly in the form of rebuttals of the points raised by the other side. A large dose of pathos comes up with most of the points seeing as how cloning is not just normal scientific research, it brings up questions of morality and what is ethical in the progress of science. Both sides of the issue tell stories of strong emotional appeal of the people that could be hurt or saved through the use of cloning techniques. These pathos appeals are mainly based on wh... ... rather than have this debate drag on. The problem is just reaching a solution that both sides are satisfied with which is the main dilemma. Until more research and data is collected the debate must continue on as is. No choice should be made until it is almost definitely sure that it is the correct one. Works Cited â€Å"Stop Cloning Now,† The Interim. February 2003. http://www.lifesite.net/interim/2003/feb/04editorials.html Stephens, Patrick. â€Å"Human Cloning is Good for All of Us,† The Objectivist Center. April 3, 2001. http://www.objectivistcenter.org/articles/pstephens_human-cloning-good.asp â€Å"Ten Reasons to Support the Brownback/Landrieu Cloning Ban,† Americans to Ban Cloning. http://cloninginformation.org/info/talking_points.htm Binswanger, Harry. â€Å"Immoral to Ban Human Cloning,† Religion vs. Morality. http://religion.aynrand.org/cloning.html Attack of the Cloning Regulations Essay -- Science Cloning Scientific Attack of the Cloning Regulations Better and new technologies and ideas are constantly introduced through the passage of time, most of which are just for the convenience of modern life. There is usually not much of an objection when they are introduced into society because the pros of the idea greatly outweigh the cons; however, this is not the case with the discovery that human cloning is now practically possible. When a breakthrough like cloning comes about regulations must be set forth to insure the safety of all those who would use it. On one side there are people who want strong restrictions on cloning. They would prefer to have cloning be as limited as possible or even banned to prevent any unethical or dangerous experimentations. On the opposite side of the discussion are the people who want researchers to have as much control over their cloning projects as possible. They do not want any slowdown in the advancement of science. In all of the articles researched, logos and pathos seemed to be much more prevalent than ethos. Both sides of the argument about restrictions on cloning use a large amount of logos to present the facts showings the practical pros and cons of cloning. Each logos point brought up is usually not a stand alone argument; they are mostly in the form of rebuttals of the points raised by the other side. A large dose of pathos comes up with most of the points seeing as how cloning is not just normal scientific research, it brings up questions of morality and what is ethical in the progress of science. Both sides of the issue tell stories of strong emotional appeal of the people that could be hurt or saved through the use of cloning techniques. These pathos appeals are mainly based on wh... ... rather than have this debate drag on. The problem is just reaching a solution that both sides are satisfied with which is the main dilemma. Until more research and data is collected the debate must continue on as is. No choice should be made until it is almost definitely sure that it is the correct one. Works Cited â€Å"Stop Cloning Now,† The Interim. February 2003. http://www.lifesite.net/interim/2003/feb/04editorials.html Stephens, Patrick. â€Å"Human Cloning is Good for All of Us,† The Objectivist Center. April 3, 2001. http://www.objectivistcenter.org/articles/pstephens_human-cloning-good.asp â€Å"Ten Reasons to Support the Brownback/Landrieu Cloning Ban,† Americans to Ban Cloning. http://cloninginformation.org/info/talking_points.htm Binswanger, Harry. â€Å"Immoral to Ban Human Cloning,† Religion vs. Morality. http://religion.aynrand.org/cloning.html

A Critique of the Juliette Beck Speech -- Argumentative Persuasive Pol

A Critique of the Juliette Beck Speech Juliette Beck's speech, "Reclaiming Just and Sustainable Communities in the Age of Corporate Globalization" neither adequately described the problems of globalization as it is currently structured, nor did it provide any answers to the problems with it, either the real problems that actually exist (labor and environmental exploitation) or the problems that Beck purported (large corporations). Primarily, Beck's speech was flawed in that it was incoherent and empirical incorrect. For instance 1) it purported the idea that globalization was "not inevitable", 2) it called upon the myth of "small is beautiful", confusing the real problem with globalization (Capitalist structure) with a false problem (the scale of the Corporate in a globalized world), and 3) it was often merely incorrect in some of the ideas and statistics that it stated. Also, the speech was not true to its title (well, maybe it was in that both were basically ridden with non-sense), in that it did not give real economic or political alternatives to Corporate Globalization. First, globalization already exists. The world's economic structure is already on a global scale. Although change is possible, the idea that we can regress back into history, destroying a globalized world and making Localism over all is not only a bad idea, but a useless, silly one. Capitalism, by its nature, is acquisitive, as is also imperialism. As long as either exist (usually joint hand and hand, at least in this point of pre-history), they will seek out, with the world's wonderful technology and knowledge, the few unmolested areas left in the world. These forces, by the sheer scale that they exist on, are impossible to overthrow at local levels, a... ...cally flawed, and did not even give many localist alternatives to corporate globalization, in addition to not giving any real alternative to it. However, in spite of this, some people on campus were so inadequately informed about the reality of how globalization is being carried out that it did do some level of good. Under a constant barrage of statistics and moralistic proclamations aimed at revealing the debased practices of institutions such as the IMF and World Bank, some students did leave with a better perspective on how corporate globalization (i.e. Capitalism, if they come to identify it as such on there own) is operating and with more interest with, at the least, becoming much better informed on the issue and, at the best, even becoming involved with political and civil organizations aimed at humanizing and democratizing the process known as globalization.

Louisiana & The United States Essay

Louisiana is one of the United States of America states whose capital is located at Baton Rouge. The state is characterized by a rich unique multilingual and multicultural heritage. It is home for many ethnic groups. The Louisiana creoles people and the French speaking Cajuns are dominant in the southern Louisiana state and have distinct cultures. Blending of these cultures has resulted to Creole lifestyle immerging that has become deep rooted cultural, social, economic lifestyle of the Louisiana until the 20th century when it was overtaken by the Anglo Americans. Creole ancestors settled in Louisiana before 1803 when it was purchased from the Western Europe, and Senegal, they then settled in the State along the main water ways. Continuous blending of these disparate of France, Senegal and Germany led to emergence of the creed and this become a dominant social cultural and economic lifestyle till the 20th century (Carl Brasseaux, Keith Fontenot, Claude Oubre pp68-81). Acadians are the ancestors of Cajuns; the Acadians are French speaking people of Nova Scotia Canada and New Brunswick. After the Britain won the Indian and French war, the separated families and the Acadians were settled in camps in England colonies for 10-30 years and those who escaped settled French Canada, upon being freed they scattered in Canada Mexico, France with majority seeking refugees in South Louisiana. Cajun were considered as a lower class national as their name means but it was in 1970 when they disclosed their natural resources of gas and oil when their culture music, food and lifestyle was internationally recognized in . Creole is a term borrowed from Portuguese and Spanish by the French government. It means the native products and the colony’s people, whereas the meaning of Cajun is to subject to debate variant apathetic. The origin of Acadia is either Greek or India which means a camp set up in a good place. The Creole was an expression of colonial ghost in both the Spanish and French Regimes. The Creole then formed its own identity and they were normally referred to as the French creed. Colonial French was a language spoken by French Creole who were of white origin; a hybrid of French- West African language is usually spoken by the black creeds. It’s the hybrid language that is mostly spoken by the people of central Louisiana currently whereas the creed French is extent. The whites that are as a result of French – Spanish mixture were called French creed and the mixed up mulatto population was called creeds of color, African creed or black creed (Carl Brasseaux, Keith Fontenot, Claude Oubre pp 40-81). The Cajun have to date retained their unique dialect from the French language and assortment of other cultural characteristics that usually distinguish them from other ethnic group – unlike what its popularly believed by the Cajun communities, Cajuns did not solely descend from the Acadian exile but also descended from other numerous groups after intermarriage over several generations: the intermarriages with the Germans, Spanish, Native Americans, French creed and the Metis. The French creeds who were settled in the rural areas were absorbed by the Cajun have a very pure French dialect despite the influences from the Acadians. Unlike the French creoles, the Cajuns ancestors are not French origin but of Hispanic, German, Canary Islanders and Filipino settlers as a result of intermarriages The geographical location of the Cajun has a strong relation to the lifestyle of the Cajun people. Those who settle at Atchafalaya Basin, a long the Westland’s and Bayous adapted a water based lifestyle. This water based lifestyle included their economic life of trapping, hunting and fishing, the Cajuns who settled southwest Louisiana prairies adapted a land-based lifestyle, that included farming sugar cane and rice, cattle rearing among other agricultural practices. Many creoles and Cajuns migrated and settled part Arthur and Beaumont seeking oil related jobs since oil drilling become a major economic activity in the 19970 – 1980. The Cajun music originated from French speaking people that were Catholics of Canada. Fiddle was the most dominant instrument in the earlier years but with time, the Acadian has also become popular, Jazz is a popular music of the Blade Creole that has been popularized in the 20th century. Both the Cajuns and the Creole sing the zydeco music, but initially it was only sang in the Cajun French, but the blade creoles added some linguistic elements to the zydeco music. Nowadays, the zydeco music is sung in Cajun French or English and a few done in black Creole. The zydeco is closely related to American blues, Cajun music jazz and the swamp music and the most common zydeco music instrument is the frottoir just like the Catholic Church but nowadays they have joined other religious sects. The culture of these two ethnic groups was deep rooted in their community catholic and cuisine, they observed many catholic practices like the lent, holy week and the merdi gras (fat Tuesday). The Creole identity has been ignored since late 1960 by both the non creoles and creoles themselves after the emergence of the Cajun pride and the Louisiana French development council conception. Since then you can travel to New Orleans, the original birth place of creoles languages and identity of the west of Mississippi river where creoles families reside and find them referring themselves as Cajuns. Cajuns movements have divided Louisiana into Cajun French Creole and black Creole, but it’s however noted that Cajun initially referred to a separate subset of the Louisiana francophone. The colonial French and the Louisiana French are no longer fluently spoken by most creoles and this had catalyzed the neglecting of the Creole people. The creoles identify is a race versus culture but not recognized nowadays. The creoles of Louisiana are recognized people having the following mixes, Spanish, French, Africans and American ancestry and Creole is accepted as a big culture group that share Spanish and French ancestry (Ira Berlin PP 290-325). The cuisine is a unique cooking style that originated from new Orleans and adapted by both the creoles and the Cajun but its greatly influenced by the Americans, French Caribbean and the African Gumbo is traditionally a Creole dish which is of the features of the cuisine, other features of the cuisine include the jambalaya all these dishes are commonly prepared by both the creoles and the Cajuns. Despite efforts to have one national language in Louisiana, the francophone Louisianans have pressured the need to maintain their language. This led to the Cajun movement that pioneered the establishment of the council for development for the French in Louisiana. This council initially was advocating for the use of standard French in Louisiana but the pressure and protests by the Creole community and the Cajun community has forced the adoption of all varieties of French that includes the creoles and the Cajuns in Louisiana. This has had good fruits since it seen as a way of incorporating Francophone Louisiana with the other francophone world. Although the Cajuns were discriminated in the earlier times, the French Revival Movement has convinced the Cajuns to be proud of them selves, further more, the Cajun French is being taught in the public schools. Due to social factors that have led to the creoles French loosing their identity, the Cajun French has become more politically powerful than the Creole French currently. The Cajun French are becoming more dominant as the Creole French become extinct. Currently it’s only the black Creole who identifies themselves as the Creole people and there are very few Creole speaking people below the age of six years. As the Louisiana Creole are languishing, three movements, the Un Cajun Committee, the southern heritage supporting creoles and the C. R. E. O. L. E INC. these movement have accused the French movement with the intention of making the Creole extinct and there the few Creole have identified themselves with a unique culture meant to be preserved. Initially it’s the French Cajuns who were marginalized but today it’s the opposite as it’s the French Creole who are faced with the problem of racial and linguistic marginalization. REFERENCES Ira Berlin (2000) Many Thousands Gone, Harvard University Press, Harvard Carl Brasseaux, Keith Fontenot, Claude Oubre (1996) Creoles of color in the Bayou Country, University of Mississippi press, Mississippi Shane K. Bernard (2003) the Cajuns, University of Mississippi press, Mississippi

Human anatomy and physiology Essay

The cardiovascular disease has been one of the most fatal diseases in the world. And nowadays, it has been categorized into one of the wide ranging and investigative illness in the world. It is a disease merely composed of various individual disorders mainly in the heart and in the organs building the circulatory system. For many years, this disease has been one of the chief causes of death not only in the United States but also in the other parts of the world. And for that, this disease has been one of the challenges that still on top of the challenges that are being faced by the experts in health and medicinal tasks. The coronary heart disease and the cerebrovascular disease are two of the several diseases that compose the cardiovascular disorders. Though experts have already tried easing down the death rates caused by this disease, still the cardiovascular disease along with many of its components haunts the bodies of the persons of their next victims. One million deaths which are mostly rooted on the cardiovascular diseases have been recorded during the year of 1997 and up to this year is still increasing and heaving up with it a huge amount of expenditure not only of the victims but also of the persons preventing and thinking ways on how to prevent and treat the disease. However, not long before this disease of the heart and of the circulatory system had come into view, there were also other diseases that had bothered the health of the United States. Diseases like the pneumonia, diarrhea, tuberculosis and others have been the main illness that the United States have been battling with. It was not until 1963 that the deaths caused by coronary heart disease have took over in having the highest record. Over the years of the deaths caused by the cardiovascular diseases, experts all over the world began studying on the primary causes of this disease. According to the studies, the factors affecting the occurrence of this disease can be categorized to two: the modifiable and the not modifiable factors. The second one, the not modifiable factors are the ones that are mostly of the genetic preferences. Examples of these factors are gender of the person and family background regarding the disease. On the other hand, the first factor, the modifiable factors are the factors that can still be controlled or managed by the person in order not to have the disease. High blood pressure, fat or cholesterol level in the body, smoking, and pressure of the person’s blood, blood sugar, obesity and physical inactivity of the person are cases of the modifiable factors of the cardiovascular diseases. Reaction The cardiovascular system is one of the various systems in the body. This system is the one responsible for the transport of the following: hormones, food, gases and metabolic wastes. The system is composed of three major components: the blood, the blood vessels and the heart. The blood is composed of plasma and cells and serves as the transport vehicle of the ones transported by the system. The blood vessels on the other hand are grouped into two: the arteries and the capillaries. These blood vessels are the passageway of the blood to and from the different organs of the body. The arteries are channels that carry blood away from the heart and the capillaries are the ones that transmit blood from the different organs back to the heart. And finally the heart; this is the component of the cardiovascular system that drives the blood into motion. Definitely the cardiovascular system is one of the systems needed by the body to sustain life. If not for this system, there would be no transport of blood therefore the body would not be provided with the proper nutrients and gases and thus leading to death. Cardiovascular disease as stated in the article by William T. Friedwald is a disease composed by many other individual diseases either in the heart or in the other parts of the body mostly on the circulatory system. For one, the coronary heart disease is one of the various disorders that compose this cardiovascular disease. And like the other components of the said disorder, the coronary heart disease is also one of the leading causes of death and expenses in the world. Coronary Heart Disease The coronary heart disease is a problem in the heart which is caused primarily by a disorder in the coronary arteries. The coronary arteries are the channels which sustains the heart with sufficient blood that provides the needed nutrients and oxygen. A problem in the coronary arteries causes the heart to have less or even none of the needed average blood in the heart. A deficiency in the supply of blood in the heart is the main reason for the occurrence of this disease. The deficiency of blood in the heart which supplies the nutrients and the needed gases is also known as ischemia that is why this disease is often referred to as the ischemic heart disease. Like any other diseases, the coronary heart disease has its own causes. One of the reasons for the existence of this disease is due to heredity. Coronary heart disease can be present in the blood that runs through the veins of your family. And so, if one of the ancestors of a person has exhibited the signs of this disease in the past, it would not be a wonder if the person too would have the possibility of having the disease. A high level of cholesterol in the body also aids in the development of the disease. These are also accompanied with the high blood sugar, high blood pressure and intense amount of excess fat in the body. These along with the abuse of tobacco, lack of regular physical activities and stresses brings about coronary heart disease. Lessen Tobacco Intake Smoking as a major cause of this disease should be definitely be lessened or most accordingly be brought to a stop. Too much intake of tobacco serves as grounds for the accumulation of fatty substances in the arteries. This build-up of fats in the arteries causes the narrowing of the arteries of these vessels therefore diminishing the deliver of nutrients and oxygen to the heart leading to heart attack. A gradual decrease in the intake of tobacco in the body may help in preventing the disease. Though it may sound unusual and that it is far from the existence of the disease, dieting can be an aid in preventing coronary heart disease. Dieting reduces the not only the cholesterol and sugar but also diminishes the blood pressure of the person. Researches conclude that the consumption of fish is better than eating meat. Researchers recommend the eating of fishes over meat for the reason that most of the meat especially red meat has a greater quantity of cholesterol than fishes. Moreover, certain fishes contain omega-3 which reduces the occurrence of irregular heartbeat which is the mere cause of loss from coronary heart disease. Be Physically Active Physical activities such as swimming and biking are recommended by most of the experts in order to prevent coronary heart disease. Being physically inactive is a big risk for the existence of coronary heart disease. Experts say that adults should engage themselves into activities with moderate intensity everyday. Cardiology Exam Everyone on Earth has the possibility of having the disease in their family history. Hence, a cardiology exam is advised for an early prevention and treatment program may be executed in case there is a positive result after the exam. Hormone Replacement Though not for everyone, researches have already concluded that estrogen has the ability to protect the blockage on the passageways of the blood. This has been formulated because of the observation that it is uncommon for women to experience heart attacks on pre menopausal stages of their lives. Though deadly and fatal as it may seem, the coronary heart disease can also be prevented in any ways like other diseases. Moreover, given the incurable and terminal effects of this disease, there is really a definite reason to know the ways of preventing this disease. Cardiovascular disease is a general diagnostic category consisting of several separate diseases of the heart and circulatory system. Cardiovascular diseases have been the major health problem and the leading cause of death in the United States for several decades. Despite impressive and sustained declines in the mortality rates from these diseases, the magnitude of the problem is still staggering. In 1997 alone, nearly 1 million people died of cardiovascular disease, which was about 40 percent of all deaths. The two most important components are coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, with 460,390 dying of coronary heart disease and 158,060 dying of cerebrovascular disease in 1998. In 2000, it was estimated that cardiovascular diseases carried a direct heath expenditure cost of $186 billion and additional indirect costs of $190 billion, making these diseases a continuing major contributor to the escalating cost of health care in the United States.

The Day I will always remember

Well what can I say about this amazing night out? I knew from the moment that I heard it was confirmed to happen that it really was going to be something special, after all it is (in my opinion) the greatest DJ on the planet playing in my favourite club on the planet. I have been a serious fan of Lisa Lashes ever since I first heard her play in Spank @ Ceasers, Dundalk and I fell in love with her mental non-slacking style off pure Hard House. So naturally when I heard she was coming to play in ‘The Met' there was nothing on this planet that could stop me from witnessing this night. As for ‘The Met', well what can I say. Three things make it my favourite club in Ireland. Firstly a layout to die for consisting of one single huge tremendous off Arena. (Co-incidentally that is how it is known to the die-hard posse i. e. ‘The Arena') With the dance floor being the lowest point, then there's the stage with two wicked podiums, the place then works its way up a series of pumping balconies & staircases right to the very top mental balconies and the DJ box is situated just above the main stage. Secondly the absolutely spectacular sound & light systems are both absolutely first class, I have been going to the Met for about 2 years and I have never once witnessed any problems with the light-show or the sound system. Last but absolutely in no way least, the crowd. Every Saturday night the place is filled with mental up for it clubbers from all over the north and south of Ireland who I know all feel as passionate about the place as I do. At about 12:00 when the place is at its peak if you stop for a second and take a look around at this unique place it really never fails to send goosebumps shooting all over your body. To put it in layman's terms ‘The Met' rocks the house every Saturday night without fail, and this one was gonna be twice as nuts! The night started off in a small bar in Dundrum with the place slowly filling up with well up for it clubbers psyching themselves up for a truly unforgettable night. I was saddened by the fact that my usual accomplice & partner in crime Micky was unable to make it for the night (I know she would have felt right at home at a nuts night like this) but this just meant I was going to have to compensate by going twice as nuts. We arrived at about 8:00pm and already the place was bunged to the gills but I'm glad that the Met had decided to stick to its Maximum capacity restriction of just slightly over 2,000 as we all feared we were gonna be crammed in like sardines. Though the place was packed you still had good room to walk about and generally go mad. The music was going unbelievable, the place was bouncing and you would have been forgiven if you had thought it was Lisa Lashes herself on the decks but it was none other than the resident DJ Mal Black doing what he does best, whipping the crowd into an absolute frenzy. Then at 10:00 came the moment everyone had been waiting for. Marc Dobbin winds the crowd up †could you please give a warm Met welcome for the top Hard House DJ in the UK, FOR THE DJ LISA LASHES†. The needle dropped and with that I swear to God in all my years of attending the Met I have never seen the place lose the plot like that. For the next two hours I got the full onslaught that you would only expect from Lisa Lashes and then some, no matter how mental I thought the next tune was gonna be it was always Harder and Faster than I expected. There was thumping baselines and a rolling galore all through her set and there was definitely parts of my brain touched that night that were never reached before and more than likely will never be again. Well that's a lie because just before the end of her set it was announced to the huge appreciation of the crowd that she will be re-visiting the Met again in the very near future. Gods Kitchen are taking up a monthly residency in the Met with Lisa and the equally hard and brilliant Fergie taking it month about to cause mayhem in Armagh. After Lisa's set came on AJ Gibson who I had never heard of before but I really hope to hear of again. Although his set wasn't as hard and as furious as Lisa's I believe it was a more intelligent set and I think he done really well considering he had such a hard act to follow. The second resident DJ of the night, the absolutely amazing Mandy Reid who sent the crowd nuts for the last half-hour or so of the night followed his set. I really do believe that the Met should be proud to have the two greatest DJs in the north of Ireland grace the decks there every Saturday night. Then the night as always in the Met came to an end far too early (it could end at 5:00am and it would still be too early) and it was of home in the hunt for a party. So after one of the greatest nights of my life I would like to thank, Gods Kitchen for there amazing dicor, dancers and crazy performers. The Met for, well simply for being the Met. Mal & Mandy for once again blowing my head of with the best in new and old trance & house. AJ Gibson for also doing an excellent job on the decks and finally Lisa Lashes for absolutely tearing the place up with the greatest style of music played in the greatest way possible, I look forward to seeing her again.

Response Paper of Meditation Four, Five, and Six

Descartes talked about the true and the false, and how we make mistakes in Meditation Four. Descartes believed that error as such is not something real that depends upon God, but rather is merely a defect. And thus there is no need to account for my errors by positing a faculty given to me by God for this purpose(546). He thought that the reason why we make mistakes is that the faculty of judging the truth, which we got from God, is not infinite(546). When Descartes focused more closely on more closely on himself and inquired into the nature of his errors, he noted that errors depend on the simultaneous concurrence of two causes: intellect and will(547). He didn’t believe that God ought to have given us a greater faculty of knowing than he did(547). So we cannot make no mistakes like God. Then Descartes raised a question that can he complain that the will or free choice he have received from God is insufficiently ample or perfect(547). After using paragraphs talking about it, Descartes perceived that the power of willing is not the cause of his errors, for it is most ample as well as perfect in its kind(548). This idea is similar to Augustine’s ides in On Free Choice of the Will. Then he thought if he held off from making a judgment when he do not perceive what is true with sufficient clarity and distinctness, it is cleat that he was acting properly and not committing an error(548). In the end, he said he would indeed attain it if only he paid enough attention to all the things that he perfectly understand, and separate them off from the rest, which he apprehended more confusedly and more obscurely(549). Descartes talked about the essence of material things and prove that God exists again. Descartes said that it is obvious that whatever is true is something, and he have already demonstrated at some length that all that he know clearly is true(550). Then he thought that it is obvious to anyone who pays close attention that existence can no more be separated from God’s essence than its having three angles equal to two right angles can be separated from the essence of a triangle(551). So existent belongs to the essence of God. Descartes can no more think of God as not existing than he can think of mountain without a valley(550). Actually, I do really agree with Descartes’ prove process, even if I do not agree with some of his conclusion. I think the way he prove things is rational and logical. He thought we should raise some ideas which he has no doubt about it. Then he use them to prove things. It just like what Euclid did in Elements. Raise some Axioms first, then use them to prove all others and build the whole system. Elements presents them in a single, logically coherent framework, making it easy to use and easy to reference(3). But the key point to get a true conclusion and build a logical system is to find the correct Axioms or foundations. I have to say that Axioms or foundations changes because of the religion and the development of science. For example, the Axioms of the theory of relativity are different from the classical physics’ Axioms because human know more about the nature. Descartes thought that necessary existence belongs to the essence of God in Meditation Five, and take it as a foundation. But there must be someone does not think so. He thought that because of his brief. But someone may not believe in God. I think Axioms or foundations might be various depends on individual difference and timed difference. But I think if you can raise your own Axioms or foundations build a logical system and make sense, it well be good for sure. We cannot get the truth straightly, it just like we climb up cockle stairs. And all Axioms and foundations and knowledge systems which are built by different foundations does contribute to achieving the truth. Without the old foundations and the system built by them, we cannot have new recognizing and raise new foundations to build new system and approach the truth.