buy custom History and World Civilization essay

buy custom History and World Civilization essay The American civil war began because of the pressure by states in the north to end slavery. The pressure resulted from the conflict between the American federal government and eleven southern states that opposed abolition of slavery in United States. In 1840s and 1850s, Northern mounted a joint effort to revolt against the slavery, which was inconsistent with the Southern states aims. The revolt threatened the economic sustainability of southern states, which depended on the control that they had over slavery for economic growth. In the north, anti-slavery gained roots and the states increased their joint efforts in abolishing slavery. This strengthened further when Abraham Lincoln, a candidate against slavery, won the presidential election in 1860. In 1860, the southern states revolted against the union to protect what they saw as their right to keep slaves. The Southern states, under the leadership of Jefferson Davis, formed the Confederate States of America. While in the north states, under the leadership of Abraham Lincoln, formed The Union. However, The Union had more people compared to the southern states; because there were a total of 25 Northern states against slavery compared to only 11 states that were determined to fight for slavery. In addition to the number of people, The Union under Lincoln had an added advantage over the southern states in terms of production and transport. This gave them economic power over the southern states making them more likely to win the civil war (Perman and Taylor, 2009). In 1865, the southern states surrendered in their fight for slavery. As a result, slavery ended in the history of American under the leadership of Abraham Lincoln. Many people died during the war. About 620000 of the 2.4 million were soldiers. In the end, The Federal Union prevailed and the slavery ended (Walker, 2002). Buy custom History and World Civilization essay

Interesting Facts About European Green Crab

Interesting Facts About European Green Crab The green crab (Carcinus maenas) is commonly found in tide pools along the East Coast of the United States from Delaware to Nova Scotia, but this species is not native to these areas. This now-abundant species is thought to have been introduced into U.S. waters from Europe. Green Crab Identification Green crabs are a relatively small crab, with a carapace  that is up to about 4 inches across. Their coloration varies from green to brown to reddish orange. Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ArthropodaSubphylum: CrustaceanClass: MalacostracaOrder: DecapodaFamily: PortunidaeGenus: CarcinusSpecies: maenas Where Are Green Crabs Found? Green crabs are widespread in the eastern U.S., but they arent supposed to be here. The green crabs native range is along the Atlantic coast of Europe and northern Africa. However, in the 1800s, the species was transported to Cape Cod, Massachusetts and is now found in the eastern U.S. from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Delaware. In 1989, green crabs were discovered in San Francisco Bay, and now they inhabit the West Coast up to British Columbia. Green crabs have also been recorded in Australia, Sri Lanka, South Africa and Hawaii. It is thought that they were transported in the ballast water of ships, or in seaweed that was used to pack seafood. Feeding The green crab is a voracious predator, feeding primarily on other crustaceans and bivalves such as soft-shelled clams, oysters, and scallops. The green crab moves quickly are dexterous and are capable of learning, so that it can improve its prey-handling skills while it is foraging. Reproduction and Life Cycle Female green crabs can produce up to 185,000 eggs at a time. Females molt once each year, usually during the summer. During this time, the crab is very vulnerable until its new shell hardens, and the male green crab guards the female by pairing with her in pre-molt cradling, defending the female from predators and other males. A few months after mating, the females egg sac appears. The female carries this egg sac for several months, then the eggs hatch into free-swimming larvae, which stay in the water column for 17-80 days before settling to the bottom. Green crabs are estimated to live up to 5 years. Conservation Green crab populations have expanded rapidly from their native home in the Eastern North Atlantic, and they have been introduced into many areas. There are several ways that the green crab can be transported to new areas, including in the ballast water in ships, in seaweeds that are used as packing materials to ship marine organisms, as bivalves shipped for aquaculture, and movement on water currents. Once they are introduced, they compete with native shellfish and other animals for prey and habitat. Sources MIT Sea Grant. 2009. Introduced Species (Online). MIT Sea Grant Center for Coastal Resources. Accessed May 23, 2009.National Heritage Trust. 2009. European Shore Crab (Carcinus maenas). National Introduced Marine Pest Information System, CRIMP No. 6275. Accessed May 23, 2009 (link no longer active as of June 2014).Perry, Harriet. 2009. Carcinus maenas. (Online) USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. Accessed May 23, 2009.Prince William Sound Regional Citizens Advisory Council. 2004. Green Crab (Carcinus maenas). (Online) Non-Indigenous Aquatic Species of Concern for Alaska. Accessed May 23, 2009.Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2009. Carcinus maenas (Green Crab). Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Invasive Species Fact Sheets. Accessed May 23, 2009, online. As of August 2010, no longer online.

AlLDI Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

AlLDI - Case Study Example With already 90% of German shoppers, the organization saw it better to look into other markets. They ventured in the U.K. in 1980’s and the U.S.A. in 1976. They capitalized on these markets by reducing the heavy reliance on individual labelled goods and began to stock various national brands. In 1991, the organization invested on outlets in existing Gateways food Marts sites with the hope of enticing new clients to the Gateways (Lane & Steen, 2014). In 2013, Aldi’s U.K. product categories remained limited to approximately 1000 items (stock keeping units â€Å"SKU’), compared with 10,000 SKU managed by typical U.K. supermarkets. Cheap prices and limited SKU saw the company increase its client by 16% every year. Aldi’s have been found to be 40% cheaper than Waltrose, plus an annual saving of 1,700 Euro. It is clear that the company will be able to maintain its competitive advantages, as it has a simple business model of minimizing operational costs through purchasing only one line per item from suppliers, thus limiting choice for the consumers (Lane & Steen, 2014). Moreover, transportation costs have been minimized through direct delivering from the warehouse and being merchandised on the pallets they arrived in. With the limited assortment, the organization can achieve substantial globalization. Their product ranges mainly specialize on their own-branded labels, thus assisting them in controlling their costs and product prizes. Aldi as a discount organization has held a record year in the U.K. and Ireland, with a 65 percent increment in profits in the regions. The store found in Germany appreciated its lower prices as it drove the record results, with the discounter gaining pre-tax profit of  £260.9 million ($423.3 million) in 2013. In its U.K. and Irish store, profits went up from  £157.9 million on the previous year. This is by maintaining constantly low prices and ensuring product quality. Aldi currently controls around 4.8

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 6

English - Essay Example Even when I was small, I wanted to know how things worked, and I wanted to be the one to fix them. My mother told me that as a small child, other than my fits when I couldn’t get things back together the way they had come to me, that I was helpful and sweet. My greatest joy was sitting on the counter when she would wash the dishes, taking each dish carefully in my little hands and wiping it dry for her. When I was three, she began to give me chores, not because she felt that a three year old needed them, but because my older brother had chores and I felt left out when I wasn’t given a task. It was my job, supervised always, to feed the dogs, to sweep the small porch step out behind the house, and to wipe the keys of the piano that sat in our living room. Every week when I had done my chores, she would give me two coins to put in my little treasure box. I was able to buy my first bike with the coins from that box, or at least, my mother made me believe that I had paid for it. Because of these early years of work and accomplishment, I wanted to work in the world as soon as was possible. When I was seven, I went to my Dad’s friends local electronics store in the town and was fascinated with the variety of wonderful things that I would find there. I begged the manager to give me a job, and he would smile and tell me that I was too young to work for him. This did not dissuade me. I went back to the store frequently, and one day decided that I would help out enough that they would have to give me a job. I would sweep the floor, straighten the shelves, and direct the customers until the manager would finally tell me that I would have to leave. One day, though, he finally relented and allowed me to work for him. I straightened the papers on his desk and he gave me some money for my job. I began going every day after school and the manager would give me a little money at the end of the week. I am pretty sure that it was done

Statistics and Stress in Medicos Essay Example for Free

Statistics and Stress in Medicos Essay There is a lot of anxiety among medical practitioners, both senior and junior concerning certain topics like statistics and epidemiology. The anxiety in some situations becomes quite acute causing stress to themselves as well as their students. Good research draws on statistics to prove certain findings and to establish associations. However statistics is definitely not everything in research. Identifying a topic of research, writing up the objectives, planning the right design, coming up with a water tight methodology, estimating an adequate sample; all these are equally important. Even as judging of studies in conferences goes, most experts are carried away by some fancy statistical methods used rather than other criteria. Unfortunately our current medical society is captivated by statistics in a love hate relationship, with a significant overlay of fear of the subject. This fear is being passed on to the new generation. Let us face the facts. Statistics is a subject associated with mathematics. Most degree courses in universities combine statistics with math. Biostatistics is one field where we have borrowed some principles of statistics to assist in our medical research for the common good of the society. Just like there are surgically inclined and non surgical people in our medical fraternity, there are those who are statistically inclined and those who are not. Some of our medical people have taken to statistics well and kudos to them. We depend on them to unravel a few of the mysteries of this predominantly mathematical subject to us; just enough maybe to help us do our research well and come up with scientific inferences. We can continue to draw more and more complicated statistical precepts into our medical field. But at what cost? After a post graduate subject like General Medicine, many doctors feel the need to specialize in a particular sub specialty like nephrology, cardio, gastro etc. In the current age, due to rapid advancements in technology and newer knowledge, there is much to learn in each sub specialty and now we are seeing higher and finer specializations. One would not expect a general medicine specialist to have a nephrologists’ knowledge or diagnostic skills and also an endocrinologist’s knowledge. Similarly after an MD in Community Medicine we cannot expect one to have full knowledge in all the subspecialties for example epidemiology, nutrition, health economics, project evaluation etc. Trying to do that would cause a lot of stress and anxiety. However it is desirable to get a good working knowledge of each. This will also help one to decide what subspecialty they would like to take up in the future. There are user friendly statistical packages; Epi Info, SPSS etc. which can help us analyse our data quickly and efficiently. We do need to know some of the simple applications of these packages as it would make our research work very easy. The techniques are simple but need a practical work shop (hands on) approach. I am sure that we can identify resources within our group to help familiarize ourselves with these valuable skills. In conclusion I would like to say that we should stop being fearful of statistics. If I want to travel to a certain city by train, I need to know certain things like which train to catch and how much it would cost and how to get to the station in time. It would be redundant for me to know how to engineer the train to that city. There is an engine driver for that and he is well trained to do just that. The statisticians in our departments are also there to help us. If they are not good enough, it would be appropriate to help them get the required skills. However it is not fitting for us to give too much importance to one topic like statistics at the cost of other perhaps more important fields. We must also keep in mind the younger members in our field who may needlessly develop a phobia for epidemiology and statistics which will then handicap their future.

Liberalism, Civic Reformism and Democracy Essay -- Argumentative Argum

Liberalism, Civic Reformism and Democracy This paper argues that liberalism provides democracy with the experience of civic reformism. Without it, democracy loses any tie-argumentative or practical-to a coherent design of public policy endeavoring to provide the resources for the realization of democratic citizenship. The case for liberalism rests on an argumentative reconstruction of the function it performs before the rise of a world economic order and, more specifically, in the creation of the welfare state after the Second World War. Accordingly, liberalism defines a reformist political program: it is an emancipatory political project by virtue of its struggle for an egalitarian and universalist extension of citizenship rights. This is but a formulation of the modern idea of citizenship, conceived of as a universalizable contract of rights. At the same time, liberalism embraces a socioeconomic emancipatory project that endeavors to provide the conditions, within the institutional framework of modern societies, for the ac complishment of citizenship rights. The origins of liberalism in the seventeenth century tell the story of the struggle for recognition of religious tolerance. This early form of pluralism provided the antecedent for the constitutional recognition of civil rights, interpreted in terms of universal adscription. A further step of constitution-building in liberal polities was taken when the universal principles of equality and liberty assumed the status of fundamental rights. That happened under the form of a constitutional program aimed at the improvement of the civil condition. Liberalism as a revolution of rights not only meant the conquest of civil rights by society, but also their extension by constitut... ... Studies, 1, pp. 73-86. Rawls, J. 1993: Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press. Rosales, J. M. and J. Rubio-carracedo 1997: "To Govern Pluralism: towards a Concept of Complex Citizenship", in W. Krawietz, E. Pattaro and A. Erh-Soon Tay, eds., Rule of Law. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. Sen, A. 1992: Inequality Reexamined. Oxford: Clarendon. Turner, B. S. 1986: Citizenship and Capitalism. London: Allen & Unwin. ____ 1997: "Citizenship Studies: a General Theory", Citizenship Studies, 1, pp. 5-18. Van steenbergen, Bart 1994: "Global Modelling in the 1990s. A Critical Evaluation of a New Wave", Futures, 26, pp. 44-56. Vogel, U. 1991: "Is Citizenship Gender-Specific?", in U. Vogel and M. Moran, eds., The Frontiers of Citizenship. Houndmills and London: Macmillan, pp. 58-85. Walzer, M. 1983: Spheres of Justice. New York: Basic Books.

Moroccan Family Values

Moroccan Family Values .  The family is the most significant unit of Moroccan life and plays an important role in all social relations. .  The individual is always subordinate to the family or group. .  Nepotism is viewed positively, since it indicates patronage of one's family. .  The family consists of both the nuclear and the extended family. .  The elderly are revered and respected and often exert a great influence on the rest of the family. Gift Giving Etiquette .  If you are invited to a Moroccan's home bring sweet pastries, nuts, figs, dates or flowers to the hostess.   A small gift for the children is seen as a token of affection. .  Do not bring alcohol unless you know that your host drinks. .  Gifts are not opened when received. Dining Etiquette If you are invited to a Moroccan's house: .  You should remove your shoes. .  Dress smartly. Doing so demonstrates respect towards your hosts. .  Check to see if your spouse is included in the invitation. Con servative Moroccans may not entertain mixed-sex groups. .  Shake everyone's hand individually. Greetings|   | Man greeting Man  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Men shake hands when greeting one another and usually kiss once on each cheek.Handshakes tend to be on the loose side. Woman greeting Woman- Women usually greet each other with kisses on the cheek. This can range from one to five (alternating cheeks) depending on the situation and relationship. Man greeting Woman-   A simple handshake or hand grasp while simultaneously kissing both cheeks is common. It is best to allow the woman to extend her hand or offer her cheek first. If the hand is not extended, than a slight bow or nod is the polite thing for men to do. Note:  It is taboo for religiously observant men to touch women and vice-versa. | | Gender Issues|   | In general, the world of men consists of the whole outside world, while that of women consists of the world inside the home. Cafes are in the male domain and are an intersection between private life and the public life found in the street. * Women are expected to cook and clean and raise the children. In big cities they enjoy much more freedom in dress, behavior and activities; however, it is still not common to find a woman out alone or in sidewalk cafes. * It is unacceptable for a woman to be in bar that serves alcohol, otherwise she is likely to be seen as a prostitute.Because Islam forbids alcohol, most bars have a seedy and unwholesome atmosphere. * As a general rule of thumb, foreigners can get away with drinking and cafe sitting, however, be sure to carefully select the bar or cafe. * Men will often try to pick-up girls along the street. Do not react in any way or they will not leave you alone. In Morocco, it must be the boy who makes the advances, otherwise the girl is seen as easy. The girls is expected to be so lovely and magnetic that the boy comes to her without any prompting. | | |Views Of Time|   | * Punctuality is not usually a virtue in Mo rocco, although some things do function on a strict time table, such as public schools. * Time works differently in Morocco; as long as one does not expect punctuality to be high the list of enviable qualities for a Moroccan and can learn to go with the flow of things, traveling is lots less stressful. * Trains are more or less on time while buses usually have no posted times nor routes, so it is necessary to ask the bus driver or local riders where and when the bus comes. When inviting people over, never expect them to arrive on time. It's best for example to invite people over at 9pm for dinner, fully expecting people to arrive after 10pm. | | Introductions, Greetings and Public Behaviour Moroccans are very hospitable and friendly people. When introductions are made, it is quite customary to ask about your counterpart’s family or friends. The most common way to greet a person in Morocco is to either offer a handshake to a person of the same gender.You may find that the hand shake in Morocco is gentler than in ‘Western’ countries – it is not proper etiquette to firmly grip and enthusiastically shake another person’s hand. Men and women greet in a slightly different way. The woman should always offer her hand first to initiate a handshake. Women who wear a full veil will often refrain from any physical contact, so in these instances it is customary for the man to simply give a slight bow and allow the woman to retain some personal space.If you have become well acquainted with your Moroccan counterparts, the proper greeting etiquette is to initiate a handshake whilst simultaneously kissing both cheeks, kissing the left cheek first. This should only be done with a person of the same gender. In public, you should be aware that it is considered good manners for men and women to leave space in between one another. Handholding is only usually seen as a platonic gesture between the same sexes. Public displays of affection are not real ly tolerated, and certainly homosexuality is still relatively taboo in Morocco.In some instances, it is considered quite uncouth for a woman to be seen alone at a bar or cafe, especially if she is young and unmarried. Although this is not the case with many ‘Western’ women, if female and planning to venture out to such a place, it is best to attempt to go out in a group or be accompanied by a man. Social Events and Dining Etiquette You may find that during your stay in Morocco, you will be invited into the family home for a meal. It is always customary for a Moroccan to offer food whenever you visit, and it would be seen as quite rude to refuse this offer.Likewise, if you are offered a present when invited into the home, you should always graciously accept. You do not have to open your gift in front of your host – equally you shouldn’t expect your host to open your present either. Gifts should be relatively small – sweets, pastries or flowers are al l popular gifts. Bringing a small gift for any children in the home would also be well received. In more conservative households, men and women will dine separately, so if planning on bringing a spouse or partner, you should always find out beforehand if this is the case.In Morocco, it is proper etiquette to dress conservatively, removing your shoes and cleaning your hands before each meal. Because eating is often done with your right hand (although bread can be taken with the left), a small basin will usually be provided before the meal. You will be expected to hold your hands out whilst a jug full of water, often scented, is poured over them. Dry your hands and wait for your host to invite you to begin eating. This ritual is also performed at the end of the meal.

Research design and methodology Essay

Despite the fact that the complete genome of the organism was already sequenced, the specific genes coding for the needed enzymes to form pores in the host cell were still unidentified. With this lack of information, this study is formulated and designed. Culturing of B. bacteriovorus HD100 on prey dependent and prey independent set-ups: Predatory (HD) cultures of B. bacteriovorus HD100 will be grown on E. coli in Ca2_-HEPES buffer at 30Â °C, with shaking at 200 rpm (8). Escherichia coli ML35 and E. coli W7-M5 (10) will be used as the prey throughout the experiments. Escherichia coli ML35 will be cultured in nutrient broth (Difco Laboratories), and E. coli W7-M5, a lysine and DAP auxotroph, will be cultured in nutrient broth supplemented with 0. 2 mM lysine and 0. 1 mM DAP at 37Â °C with shaking at 200 rpm. Prey-independent HI strains will be plated on rich peptone-yeast extract (PY) medium (8). Synchronous cultures: Synchronous cultures will be used for performing various experiments as described below. Briefly, fresh bdellovibrios will be added to prey cells in HM buffer (3 mM N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N’-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES)-1 mM CaCl. LQ. One mM of MgCl2 will be adjusted to pH 7. 6 using NaOH (10). The organisms will be grown until a final concentration of 1010 bdellovibrios per ml and 5 x 109 E. coli per ml is reached. For proper aeration, volumes will be kept to ? 20% of the flask’s volume and incubated at 30Â °C with shaking at 400 rpm. Synchronous cultures will be examined at intervals for attachment and penetration with a Nikon model L-Ke microscope (Nippon Kogaku Inc. ) equipped with phase-contrast optics and a Nikon model AF camera. Time course Microarray analysis. Time course Microarray analysis will be performed to identify the genes to be expressed during the entry phase, specifically during pore formation on the host cell membrane of B. bacterovorus H100. Microarray slides of B. bacteriovorus H100 will be ordered from Advanced Throughput, Inc Services. Total cellular RNA will be extracted from B. bacteriovorus H100 cells at entry phase using the RNeasy mid kit (Qiagen). The RNA of the organism will also be extracted during the other stages of infection. This will serve as a reference for comparison of the genes expressed and not expressed at the desired stage. Complementary DNA synthesis, fragmentation, labeling, hybridization, staining and washing will be performed according to the Affymetrix B. bacteriovorus H100 GeneChip array expression analysis protocol (Affymetrix). Briefly, cDNA will be synthesized from RNA using Superscript II (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. RNA will be removed by alkaline treatment and subsequent neutralization. Complementary DNA will be purified with QIAquick PCR purification columns (Qiagen). Purified cDNA will be fragmented by DNase I (Amersham) at 37Â °C for 10 min followed by end labeling with biotinddUTP, using an Enzo BioArray terminal labeling kit (Affymetrix), at 37Â °C for 60 min. Hybridization will be performed in an Affymetrix GeneChip hybridization Oven 640. Washing and staining will be performed using an Affymetrix Fluidics Station 400. Arrays will be scanned with an Agilent GeneArray Scanner G2500A. GeneChip scans will be initially analyzed using the Affymetrix Microarray Suite 5. 1 software, from which PivotData tables will be exported. Raw data from the PivotData Tables will be analyzed in GeneSpring software version 6 (Silicon Genetics), using the parameters suggested by Silicon Genetics for analysis of Affymetrix Microarrays. Real-time PCR: Real-time PCR using the Applied Biosystems 7500 Real-time PCR system will be performed to confirm microarray results. RNA will be extracted from B. bacteriovorus H100 at initial phases of predatory life cycle up to entry phase as described above. RNA will be reverse transcribed into cDNA and simultaneously labelled using the iScript One-step RT-PCR kit with SYBR Green (Biorad). RT-PCR reactions will also be performed to amplify cDNA of housekeeping genes (identified from micro array studies) for normalization of fluorescence values. Identifying the specific hydrolytic enzymes of B. bacteriovorus which are involved in pore formation on host cell membrane. Many experiments showed that B. bacteriovorus H100 releases hydrolytic enzymes during predatory life cycle. According to Thomashow and Ritterberg, glycanases and lipopolysaccharideases are required for pore formation in the prey’s peptidoglycan and LPS layers respectively. The glycanase and/or peptidase could be responsible for weakening the peptidoglycan layer of the prey and thereby responsible for permitting conversion of the substrate cell to a spherical shape (10). Tudor et al. proposed another model for penetration. According to them peptidase is responsible for pore formation but not glycanase (11). Specific enzymes involved in pore formation are not known. The genes identified from the time course micro array technique will be mutated as described previously using suicide vector pSSK10. Resulting mutants will be complemented by using vector pMMB206 (8). Mutants will be analysed for the specific enzymes (using 2D-gel electrophoresis) and their actions on host cell i. e, as a glycanase, LPSase or peptidase will be observed by radio labelling experiments (10). Wild-type B. bacteriovorus H100 and complemented strains will be used as controls. Radio labeling experiments: Escherichia. coli W7-M5, auxotroph for lysine and DAP and cannot metabolize glucosamine, will be radiolabelled as described previously (9,10). Peptide portion of E.coli W7-M5 peptidoglycan will be labelled with [3H] DAP and the lipopolysaccharides and glycan portions of the peptidoglycan will be labeled with [3H]glucosamine. Various mutants and wild-type strains will be tested for predation using this radiolabelled strain. Solubilisation of glucosamine and DAP from labelled prey peptidoglycan will be measured as described previously (11). Briefly, samples taken at intervals will be precipitated with an equal volume of cold 10% trichloroacetic acid for 30 min followed by centrifugation. Resulting supernatants will be assayed for soluble radioactivity in a scintillation counter (Rackbeta II). Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis: The hydrolytic enzymes released by B. bacteriovorus H100 during its predatory life cycle will be analyzed by performing two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Sample preparation for 2D-gel electrophoresis: Escherichia coli ML35 cells will be challenged with B. bacteriovorus H100 wild-type as well as the mutant strain. Culture fluid will be drawn from synchronous cultures during attachment and entry phases of B. bacteriovorus H100. Culture fluid will be centrifuged to discard any cell debris. Proteins in the supernatant will be precipitated using cold acetone. The precipitated proteins will be separated by centrifugation. The precipitated pellet will be air dried and will be dissolved in rehydration solution (8M urea, 2% CHAPS {3-[3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate}, 18 mM DTT, 0. 5% IPG buffer pH range 4-7; Amersham Biosciences), plus a trace of bromophenol blue. Sample protein concentrations will be determined using the BCA protein assay (Pierce). Resulting protein pellet will be subjected to 2D-gel electrophoresis.

Massacre of British Army in Afghanistan in 1842

Massacre of British Army in Afghanistan in 1842 A British incursion into Afghanistan ended in disaster in 1842 when an entire British army, while retreating back to India, was massacred. Only a single survivor made it back to British-held territory. It was assumed the Afghans let him live to tell the story of what had happened. The background to the shocking military disaster had been the constant geopolitical jockeying in southern Asia which eventually came to be called  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Great Game.†Ã‚  The British Empire, in the early 19th century, ruled  India (through the East India Company), and the Russian Empire, to the north, was suspected of having its own designs on India. The British wanted to conquer Afghanistan to prevent the Russians from invading southward through the mountainous regions into British India. One of the earliest eruptions in this epic struggle was the first Anglo-Afghan War, which had its beginning in the late 1830s. To protect its holdings in India, the British had allied themselves with an Afghan ruler, Dost Mohammed. He had united warring Afghan factions after seizing power in 1818 and seemed to be serving a useful purpose to the British. But in 1837, it became apparent that Dost Mohammed was beginning a flirtation with the Russians. Britain Invaded Afghanistan in the Late 1830s The British resolved to invade Afghanistan, and the Army of the Indus, a formidable force of more than 20,000 British and Indian troops, set off from India for Afghanistan in late 1838. After difficult travel through the mountain passes, the British reached Kabul in April 1839. They marched unopposed into the Afghan capital city. Dost Mohammed was toppled as the Afghan leader, and the British installed Shah Shuja, who had been driven from power decades earlier. The original plan was to withdraw all the British troops, but Shah Shuja’s hold on power was shaky, so two brigades of British troops had to remain in Kabul. Along with the British Army were two major figures assigned to essentially guide the government of Shah Shuja, Sir William McNaghten and Sir Alexander Burnes. The men were two well-known and very experienced political officers. Burnes had lived in Kabul previously, and had written a book about his time there. The British forces staying in Kabul could have moved into an ancient fortress overlooking the city, but Shah Shuja believed that would make it look like the British were in control. Instead, the British built a new cantonment, or base, that would prove very difficult to defend. Sir Alexander Burnes, feeling quite confident, lived outside the cantonment, in a house in Kabul. The Afghans Revolted The Afghan population deeply resented the British troops. Tensions slowly escalated, and despite warnings from friendly Afghans that an uprising was inevitable, the British were unprepared in November 1841 when an insurrection broke out in Kabul. A mob encircled the house of Sir Alexander Burnes. The British diplomat tried to offer the crowd money to disburse, to no effect. The lightly defended residence was overrun. Burnes and his brother were both brutally murdered. The British troops in the city were greatly outnumbered and unable to defend themselves properly, as the cantonment was encircled. A truce was arranged in late November, and it seems the Afghans simply wanted the British to leave the country. But tensions escalated when the son of Dost Mohammed, Muhammad Akbar Khan, appeared in Kabul and took a harder line. British Were Forced to Flee Sir William McNaghten, who had been trying to negotiate a way out of the city, was murdered on December 23, 1841, reportedly by Muhammad Akbar Khan himself. The British, their situation hopeless, somehow managed to negotiate a treaty to leave Afghanistan. On January 6, 1842, the British began their withdrawal from Kabul. Leaving the city were 4,500 British troops and 12,000 civilians who had followed the British Army to Kabul. The plan was to march to Jalalabad, about 90 miles away. The retreat in the brutally cold weather took an immediate toll, and many died from exposure in the first days. And despite the treaty, the British column came under attack when it reached a mountain pass, the Khurd Kabul. The retreat became a massacre. Slaughter in the Mountain Passes of Afghanistan A magazine based in Boston, the North American Review, published a remarkably extensive and timely account titled â€Å"The English in Afghanistan† six months later, in July 1842. It contained this vivid description (some antiquated spellings have been left intact): On the 6th of January, 1842, the Caboul forces commenced their retreat through the dismal pass, destined to be their grave. On the third day they were attacked by the mountaineers from all points, and a fearful slaughter ensued†¦ The troops kept on, and awful scenes ensued. Without food, mangled and cut to pieces, each one caring only for himself, all subordination had fled; and the soldiers of the forty-fourth English regiment are reported to have knocked down their officers with the butts of their muskets. On the 13th of January, just seven days after the retreat commenced, one man, bloody and torn, mounted on a miserable pony, and pursued by horsemen, was seen riding furiously across the plains to Jellalabad. That was Dr. Brydon, the sole person to tell the tale of the passage of Khourd Caboul. More than 16,000 people had set out on the retreat from Kabul, and in the end, only one man, Dr. William Brydon, a British Army surgeon, had made it alive to Jalalabad.   The garrison there lit signal fires and sounded bugles to guide other British survivors to safety. But after several days they realized that Brydon would be the only one. It was believed the Afghans let him live so he could tell the grisly story. The legend of the sole survivor, while not quite accurate, endured. In the 1870s, a British painter, Elizabeth Thompson, Lady Butler, produced a dramatic painting of a soldier on a dying horse said to be based on the story of Brydon. The painting, titled Remnants of an Army, became famous and is in the collection of the Tate Gallery in London.   The Retreat from Kabul Was a Severe Blow to British Pride The loss of so many troops to mountain tribesmen was, of course, a bitter humiliation for the British. With Kabul lost, a campaign was mounted to evacuate the rest of the British troops from garrisons in Afghanistan, and the British then withdrew from the country entirely. And while popular legend held that Dr. Brydon was the only survivor from the horrific retreat from Kabul, some British troops and their wives had been taken hostage by Afghans and were later rescued and released. A few other survivors turned up over the years. One account, in a history of Afghanistan by former British diplomat Sir Martin Ewans, contends that in the 1920s two elderly women in Kabul were introduced to British diplomats. Astoundingly, they had been on the retreat as babies. Their British parents had apparently been killed, but they had been rescued and brought up by Afghan families. Despite the 1842 disaster, the British did not abandon hopes of controlling Afghanistan. The Second Anglo-Afghan War of 1878-1880 secured a diplomatic solution which kept Russian influence out of Afghanistan for the remainder of the 19th century.

Writing Business Letters

Writing Business Letters Writing business letters is an art that very few people take the time to master today. For those who dedicate time towards learning the proper format and style of writing business letters, they’ll find that they’ve gained a very distinct advantage over those who haven’t. A business letter is often the first impression, so take the opportunity to do it right. Spend time fixing the wording and print the letter on high-quality paper. Master the techniques and points of writing business letters and you’ll never have to wonder how you came across in your initial contact with the individual. Before you begin writing business letters, try to research and find out as much as possible about the audience that you are writing to. Business letters can range from an extremely formal style of writing to a more casual mode. Knowing which to use will go a long way in gaining the interest of the recipient of the letter. No matter which style of writing you decide to use when writing business letters, there are certain rules that need to be followed. When writing business letters, you should always use your computer. They should never be written by hand. Begin by choosing the format in writing business letters. The most commonly used format is the block format. This requires left justifying the whole letter using single spacing with a double space between paragraphs. Next choose the font. In writing business letters, one may not think the font is all that important but it can make a big difference. Again, the type of company you are directing your business letter to will play a role in the font you choose. Traditional companies lean towards the more conservative font styles while others may allow for more creativity. Either way, your letter should always be easy to read. Some fonts are very creative looking and make for an interesting looking page but are difficult to read. If it’s too difficult then your letter may not get read. Keep in mind that you are writing business letters for the audience not for yourself. Read what you have selected and ask yourself if you’d have any trouble reading this. In writing business letters, remember that it’s a much more formal looking document than personal letters. The margin should be at least an inch on all four sides. Begin with the heading, which contains the return address then a date line with a space between the two. Skip another line after the date and write out the inside address. If you’re writing a business letter then most likely this is an important document that you truly need to have delivered correctly. The inclusion of an inside address on a business letter ensures the delivery to the correct person or department should the address on the outside of the envelope become damaged in some way. Skip another line after the inside address and type in the salutation. The greeting, when writing business letters, is always formal. It typically begins with â€Å"Dear† and includes the person’s full name and title. Skip another line after the salutation and you’re ready to begin writing the body of t he letter. The most important part of writing business letters is the body of the letter. Excellent grammar and spelling is a must to make a good impression on the reader. The information you are conveying here must be concise and to the point. The whole purpose of writing business letters is to get a point across or to request something. In doing these things, you need to have a good handle on proper grammar and English choices to make your statement as quickly and succinctly as possible. This is not the time to use flowery creative words and draw out your sentences. Do not attempt to show off your vocabulary skills. Be professional but yet clear on the subject. Again skip another line before your closing. Use a short but polite closing in writing business letters and skip two lines before typing in your full name. This allows a space for your handwritten signature. Follow these tips when writing business letters and you’ll find that this will set you apart from most people who haven’t taken the time to really study how writing business letters should be. Incoming search terms: what types of fonts and paragraph spacing would you use in a business letter What types of fonts and paragraph spacing would you use in a business letter? proper font for business letter business letter font What types of fonts would you use in a business letter formal letter font proper business letter spacing format What types of fonts and paragraph spcing would you sue in a business letter what type of font and spacing is used in business letter what font should i use for a business letter

Critically evaluate the implications of investing in HR branding for Essay

Critically evaluate the implications of investing in HR branding for the purpose of improving the outcomes of recruitment and selection - Essay Example According to Aurand, Gorchels and Bishop (2005) selection of candidates must be based on special set of skills and knowledge of applicants that complements the talent gap in the human resource pool. This makes the human resource pool of the organization highly diverse and efficient. Researchers are also of the notion that appropriate selection strategies comprise ability of the candidate to collaborate with the existing employees so that cross-fertilization of ideas takes place. In a recent report that has been published by the Pulakos (2005) it has been pointed out that using of proper selection assessment tool is crucial to screen the candidates and methods like cognitive ability tests, work sampling tests and knowledge based tests regarding job has been found out to be highly useful in determining the appropriate candidates. Methods of interviewing and use of structured questions has also been found to be useful screening tools. According to Sackett and Roth (1996) the key attribu tes of successful selection procedures are validity of the methods employed, adverse impact that the selection criteria has on the organization, cost of the assessment procedures and reaction of the applicants. Researchers have also argued that the external job environment is highly competitive and dynamic and under such a situation HR managers should be completely aware to select new candidates who can adapt themselves more quickly to the new working environment (Pulakos, 2005). One of the best selection and recruitment strategies have been implemented by John Lewis Partnership, which is an entirely employee-owned firm located in the U.K (John Lewis Partnership, 2011). As the profits of the company are shared between all its employees, so selecting them prudently has become an organizational priority. In order to make the selection of best candidates, qualified professionals with high

Diplomacy And the International System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Diplomacy And the International System - Essay Example On the one hand, it was implied that the global process of regionalism had to take Europe as a model and as an outcome. On the other hand, regionalism in itself came to be considered a political project, and regional integration around the world was viewed as a desirable and ‘good’ outcome to complement and support global governance.† + Luk Van Langenhove & Daniele Marchesi (2008), Lisbon Treaty and the Emergence of Third Generation Regional Integration, As the changes required by the Lisbon Treaty are currently being implemented by the EU, the essay will first discuss the new relationships of foreign policy decision making articulated in the treaty with reference to the historical context. Particularly, this method will explore the conflict of relations between a nation’s foreign policy as defined by domestic goals, the requirements of other treaty and charter-based organizations such as NATO and the UN, and the new EU foreign policy structure based on unan imity. The requirements of unanimous decisions in foreign policy will be further discussed in relation to dissent, and the way dissenting states can use their influence in EU foreign policy decision-making to influence or change policy. The essay will provide evidence from research built from historical documents and official statements of political leaders in order to review the practical application of policy in the EU foreign policy decision-making process. III. Cohesion in EU Foreign Policy after the Lisbon Treaty The first aspect to consider in reviewing the effect of the Lisbon Treaty on an integrated EU foreign policy based on consensus and unanimity is how the new accord relates to the Treaty of Maastricht, the Treaty of Nice, the Treaty of Rome, and other fundamental accords of... This essay approves that it is significant that the Treaty of Lisbon requires the unanimous decision of EU member states in undertaking foreign policy decisions and that all use of military force be equally approved by consensus. This acts as a fundamental limit to power in EU authority, and forces the building of community around core European secular values such as democracy, freedom, elections, human rights, and others that represent the best of the evolutionary thought of these nations’ collective history. The Treaty preserves the right of member nations to dissent, but the â€Å"newness† of the Lisbon Treaty makes it less certain as to date how this will influence the policy decisions and actions taken by the EU. This report makes a conclusion that the positioning of the shared values of European history as the rationale behind a progressive and safeguarding form of international government in foreign policy has a wider popular understanding and political support in the grass roots than is commonly assumed, and in this manner, the EU may actually be representative of a wider movement in history rather than a top-down, technocratic imposition. The real test of the union is found in situations where nations like Germany are forced to submit to and accept policies that go against their national state interest in favor of the larger interest of maintaining the progress of European unity, as in the recent financial crises. However, domestic political interests may prohibit the efficient use of EU military power in the future in ways unforeseen by current analysis, forcing the EU leadership into only accepting policy positions with broad consensus, a position well suited for a limited supra-nationa l government in guardianship of the civil rights of society.